KELOMPOK

DINAMIK
Group Dynamics
■ “In any group, it is a mistake to ever conclude
that nothing is happening within or between its
members” (Conyne, Wilson, & Ward, 1997, p.
32).
■ Perkataan dinamika kelompok diperkenalkan oleh Kurt Lewin pada tahun
1944.
■ Dinamika kelompok sebagai hubungan antara ahli dalam kelompok
■ Dinamika kelompok didefinisikan menggunakan beberapa terma seperti
kuasa, teraputik, pola komunikasi dan proses kelompok.
■ Kuasa yang menggerakan kelompok dipengaruhi oleh saiz kelompok, jangka
masa sesi, seting, keahlian, tahap kemesraan, sikap ahli dan ketua, pola
interaksi diantara ahli dan juga dengan ketua dan peringkat perkembangan
kelompok.
■ Kerjasama, kesediaan dan hubungan yang terbuka antara ahli mempengaruhi
perkongsian dan perbincangan dalam kelompok yang mana ia menyumbang
kepada kuasa positif.
■ Manakala ahli kelompok yang sering memberi alasan, berpura-pura dan
mengelak daripada membincangkan masalah mereka dikaitkan dengan kuasa
negatif.
Group Dynamics

■ For Kurt Lewin, group dynamics includes everything that goes on in a

small group.
■ He was especially interested in how the climate of a group and its
processes influenced the interactions of group members and ultimately
outcomes.
■ He thought many factors contributed to the overall concept of group
dynamics, including the group’s purpose, communication patterns,
power/control issues, and member roles.
 Apakah dinamik kelompok?
Gladding (1999) mendefinisikan dinamik kelompok sebagai kuasa atau faktor yang boleh
mempengaruhi kelompok dari segi:

■ Proses kelompok: iaitu pola interaksi antara (group process) ahli kelompok.

■ Maklumat (pengisian) kelompok: iaitu maklumat yang (group content) dikongsi dalam
kelompok
GROUP DYNAMICS
■ Group member interactions appear simple but they are not. They are complex social
processes that occur within groups and that affect actions and outcomes (Lewin, 1948).
Group dynamics occur in all groups, and involve the interactions of group members
and leaders over time, including the roles the members and the leaders take. Individuals
have an impact on groups just as groups influence members.

■ The number of group interactions increases exponentially as the size of groups grows.
Therefore, keeping track of communication patterns in counseling groups is a
demanding job.
Group Dynamics
GROUP CONTENT AND GROUP PROCESS
■ group content: information within and purpose of the group
■ group process: interactions and relationships among members
within the group
– The amount and mixture of group content and group
process ultimately determine the dynamics within a group.
Group Dynamics
GROUP CONTENT AND GROUP PROCESS

■ Group Content
– involves the actual words, ideas, and information exchanged within a
group as well as the purpose of the group
■ Consider the four types of groups, what would examples of
“content” likely be?
Group Dynamics
GROUP CONTENT AND GROUP PROCESS

■ Group Process
– the interaction of group members with one another, often in some
meaningful way
Group Dynamics
GROUP CONTENT AND GROUP PROCESS

■ Hulse-Killacky, Killacky, and Donigian wrote that leaders can use two
sets of questions to guide the interplay between content and process
(2001, p. 9):
■ Content questions include:
– What do we have to do?
– What do we need to do to accomplish our goals?
■ Process questions center on:
– Who am I?
– Who am I with you?
– Who are we together?”
.
 Group Dynamics
INFLUENCING GROUP DYNAMICS

■ preplanning a group
– clarity of purpose — what the group is to accomplish
– a group setting – the environment
– time - the ideal time frame
– size – increasing the size of a group decreases its cohesiveness and
member satisfaction
 Group Dynamics
INFLUENCING GROUP DYNAMICS

■ preplanning a group, continued

– Membership – both the mixture and the number of people in it
■ heterogeneous groups – diverse
■ homogeneous groups – similar
 Group Dynamics
INFLUENCING GROUP DYNAMICS

■ group structure
– refers to both the physical setup of a group as well as the interaction
of each group member in relation to the group as a whole
Group Dynamics
INFLUENCING GROUP DYNAMICS
■ group exercises and activities
– may be used as a catalyst, especially early in the group’s life
– “are commonly used in groups to activate the group
■ To encourage members to take risks
■ To provide a learning experience that moves the group members”
(Riva, 2004, p.63)
Group Dynamics
INFLUENCING GROUP DYNAMICS
■ group exercises and activities can include:
– Interpersonal activities
■ introducing oneself to the group and answering questions
■ “changing seats”—asking select members or an entire group to
change seats
– Intrapersonal activities
■ an exercise is done alone at first and then shared and explored
with others at a later time
Group Dynamics
INFLUENCING GROUP DYNAMICS
■ group interaction is the way members relate to one another
– consists of nonverbal and verbal behaviors and the attitudes that go
with them.
■ The meaning of nonverbal behaviors cannot be assumed
■ group interaction exists on a continuum, from extremely nondirective to
highly directive

Samuel T.
Gladding
Groups: A Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Counseling All rights reserved.
Group Dynamics
INFLUENCING GROUP DYNAMICS
■ group interaction, continued
■ An important group leader behavior is to track who speaks to whom and
how often each member speaks.

Samuel T.
Gladding
Groups: A Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Counseling All rights reserved.
Group Dynamics
INFLUENCING GROUP DYNAMICS
■ members’ roles
– One way to conceptualize most roles in groups is to view them as
primarily functioning in one of three ways:
■ facilitative/building
■ maintaining
■ blocking (Capuzzi & Gross, 2006)

Samuel T.
Gladding
Groups: A Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Counseling All rights reserved.
TINGKAHLAKU / PERANAN AHLI
DALAM KELOMPOK ADA YANG
POSITIF & NEGATIF

Mengekalkan perhubungan
antara ahli
Menghalang kemajuan
Fasilitatif/menolong kelompok
kelompok mencapai tujuan
Contoh-contoh Perlakuan & Pola
Interaksi/Komunikasi
■ Gerak geri non-verbal setiap ahli
■ Tahap saling mempercayai
■ Pengalaman nilai murni
■ Tahap kebimbangan
■ Perlakuan yang menghalang
 Pola komunikasi (sesiapa yang selalu bercakap antara 1 dengan lain,
siapa dahulu, siapa kemudian, siapa yang diam, siapa ‘becok’…) secara
ideal, perkongsian/penyampaian maklumat dalam kumpulan berlaku
seiring dengan tahap perkembangan kelompok & kesediaan ahli utk
‘mendedahkan diri’ seperti gambaran berikut :-
Group Dynamics
INFLUENCING GROUP DYNAMICS
■ members’ roles, continued
– A member’s role is based on that individual’s expectation of self and
others and the interaction one has in particular groups and
situations
– A role is “a dynamic structure within an individual (based on needs,
cognitions, and values), which usually comes to life under the
influence of social stimuli or defined positions” (Munich &
Astrachan, 1983, p. 20).

Samuel T.
Gladding
Groups: A Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Counseling All rights reserved.
Tingkah laku penggalak komunikasi
berkesan dalam kelompok
■ Hadir secara fizikal, emosi dan kognitif
■ Terlibat aktif
■ Bersikap terbuka
■ Mengambil risiko
■ Bercakap tentang diri sendiri (self disclosure)
■ Mempamerkan nilai-nilai murni dalam perhubungan
Beberapa tingkah laku positif ahli yang mengekalkan
perhubungan antara ahli serta membantu kemajuan
kelompok:
■ Memimpin kelompok
■ Memberi perhatian
■ Mendengar dengan aktif
■ Menggalakan interaksi / komunikasi
■ Mententeramkan suasana
■ Mengingatkan proses & memberi maklum balas
■ Memberi maklumat / pendapat
■ Menyelaraskan pentadbiran kelompok
Beberapa tingkah laku negatif yang
menghalang kemajuan kelompok:
■ Memaksa
■ Menentang / membantah idea ahli lain
■ Enggan / elak melibatkan diri
■ Mengoda ahli lain
■ Manipulasi sesi untuk kepentingan sendiri
■ Suka mendapat perhatian / bangga diri
■ Memonopoli sesi / ‘becok’
■ Menjadi ‘badut’ kelompok (untuk tarik perhatian)
■ Suka mendapat simpati
■ Tidak komited kepada kelompok
■ Lambat mesra
tugasan
Konsep penting dalam kaunseling kelompok
1. Social microcosm dan oasis
2. Aktiviti dan Teknik
3. Memberi nasihat dan menyelesaikan masalah
4. Sini-dan-Sekarang (here and now) & Sana-dan-Dahulu (there and then)
5. Tekanan dan paksaan
6. Defensif dan resisten

■ Anda perlu menghantar tugasan ini pada minggu ini