Anti-lock breaking system

(ABS)

NAME : SOMYARANJAN TRIPATHY

BRANCH : MECHANICAL
ROLL-NO : 196042
REGISTRATION NO : 1901287493

GITA AUTONOMOUS COLLEGE BHUBANESWAR

 PRESENTATION OUTLINE
What is an Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS)
Motivation for ABS Development
Slip Rate
Component Of ABS
Block Diagram Of ABS
Types Of ABS
Advantages & Application
Disadvantage
CONCLUSION
 WHAT IS AN ANTI-LOCK BRAKING SYSTEM (ABS)

An anti-lock brake system is a feedback

control system that modulates brake
pressure . It prevents your vehicle’s
wheels from locking up all the time and
helps bring your vehicle to a stop
without the wheels skidding .
MOTIVATION FOR ABS DEVELOPMENT
WITHOUT ABS
When you are driving your car on a
highway and suddenly an obstacle
comes in front of you and you apply
brake with full power. This will locks
wheels of your car and your car will
start skidding on the road and also
during skidding you lost your
steering control and unable to move
the car in desired direction in which
you want. Finally you hit that
obstacle and meet an accident.
WITH ABS
Now you are driving a car which is
equipped with anti-lock braking
system. When you encounter with an
obstacle on the road and suddenly
apply the brakes. But this time the
ABS system of your car prevent the
locking of the wheel and avoid
skidding. At this time you can
control your steering and can stops
your car hitting from the obstacle.
This is how the abs system prevents
the skidding of the vehicle and
provides greater control over it and
prevents accidents.
WITH ABS / WITHOUT ABS
 SLIP RATE
 During ABS operation, the target slip rate can be
from 10 to 30%.

 0%slip means the wheel is rolling freely, while

100% means the wheel is fully locked

 A slip
rate of 25% means the velocity of a wheel
is 25% less than that of a freely rolling wheel at
the same vehicle speed.
 Component of ABS
SPEED SENSOR
When the wheel or differentials of the vehicle rotates, it induces
magnetic field around the sensor. The fluctuation in this
magnetic field generates voltage in the sensor. This voltage
generated sends signals to the controller. With the help of the
voltage & the controller
reads the acceleration and deceleration of the wheel .
 Component of ABS
VALVES
≈ The function of valves is to release pressure of the brake lines when
ECU signals it.
≈ Valves works on three positions –

1. In position one, the valve remains open; and pressure from the master cylinder
passed through it to the brake .

2. In position two, the valve blocks the line and separates the brake from the
master cylinder. And this prevents the further rise of the pressure to the
brakes. Valve operates in second position when the driver applies the brake
harder.

3. In position three, some of the pressure from the brake is released by the valve.
 Component of ABS
PUMP
Pump is used to restore the pressure to the hydraulic brakes after the
valve releases the pressure. When the controller detects wheel slip, it
sends signals to release the valve. After the valve releases the pressure
supplied from the driver, it restore a desired amount of pressure to the
braking system. The controller modulates (adjust) the status of the
pump so as to provide desired amount of pressure and reduce slipping
of the wheel
 Component of ABS
Controller
The controller used in the ABS system is of ECU type. Its main function is
to receives information from each individual wheel speed sensors and if
a wheel loses its traction with the ground, a signal is sent to the
controller, the controller than limit the brake force (EBD) and activate
the ABS modulator. The activated ABS modulator actuates the braking
valves on and off and varies the pressure to the brakes.
COMPONENT
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN ABS
 TYPES OF ABS SYSTEMS
 FOUR-CHANNEL / FOUR-SENSOR ABS
 ~ In this type, there are four sensors and four separate valves which monitor all the four wheels
individually.
~ This the best scheme of arrangement as it provides efficient monitoring of all four wheels and hence
maximum efficiency.

 THREE-CHANNEL / THREE-SENSOR ABS

~ In this type of arrangement, two separate sensor and valves monitor front two wheels while
single sensor and valve monitors rear two wheels.
~ arrangement is also good but not as efficient as 4 channel 4 sensor.

 ONE-CHANNEL / ONE-SENSOR ABS

~ Only rear two wheels are monitored by a single channel and single valve .
~ This is the least used arrangement and provide least safety. Also known as rear wheel ABS.
TYPES OF ABS “ BLOCK DIAGRAM ”
HOW DOES IT WORK ?
 SPEED SENSOR monitors wheel lock up condition
every second

 Whenever driver applies brake and if SPEED

SENSOR detects wheel lock up condition, it sends
the electric signal to ECU which sends the signal to
VALVE(which releases pressure) and PUMP(which
recreates pressure) and together by releasing and
pumping pressure quickly prevents wheel lock up.
ADVANTAGES OF ABS
It provides steering ability It provides better control
to the driver in case of of the vehicle in wet road
wheel lock up. conditions.

Overall, it is an essential
It provides better
safety feature when used
cornering.
wisely.

It reduces stopping
distance of the vehicle(not
necessarily).
DISADVANTAGES OF ABS

IT IS COSTLY. IT IS A SPEED SENSITIVE SINCE THE PRIMARY MAINTENANCE COST OF

EQUIPMENT. OBJECTIVE OF ABS IS TO A CAR EQUIPPED WITH
GIVE STEER ABILITY AND ABS IS MORE.
HENCE THE STOPPING
DISTANCE MAY NOT
NECESSARILY DECREASE
EVERY TIME.
APPLICATION OF ABS