Impact of PGR On Fruit Crops.

Dept of Fruit Science, TNAU.
FSC 591 MASTERS SEMINAR (0+1)
TOPIC ON
IMPACT OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON FRUIT CROPS
CHAIRMAN CO – CHAIRMAN PRESENTED BY

Dr. I. Muthuvel. Ph.D., Dr. P. Soman, ARAVINDA SAMY. S
Professor & Head Chief Agronomist (Global)
2021532001
Department of Fruit Science, Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd., II M.Sc. (Hort.)
HC & RI, TNAU, Coimbatore - 3 Udumalpet.
Dept. of Fruit Science
1
ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Sl. No. Advisory Committee Name, Designation & Department

Dr. I. Muthuvel. Ph.D.,
Professor & Head
1. Chairman Department of Fruit Science,
HC & RI, TNAU, Coimbatore - 3
Dr. P. Soman,
2. Co-Chairman Chief Agronomist (Global)
Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd.,
Udumalpet.
Dr. K. A. Shanmugasundaram,
3. Assistant Professor (Hort.)
Dept. of fruit Science
HC & RI, TNAU, Coimbatore - 3
Dr. A. Senthil. Ph.D.,
Professor & Head
4. Members Department of Crop Physiology
TNAU, Coimbatore - 3
Dr. I. Johnson,
Associate Professor,
5.
Department of Plant Pathology
TNAU, Coimbatore - 3
2
FLOW OF SEMINAR
INTRODUCTION
PGR.
ClASS OF PGR.
NEW GENERATION PGR
IMPACT ON FRUIT CROPS
CASE STUDY
CONCULSION
3
What is hormone?..
A hormone is a substance which, being produced in any one part of the organism, is transferred to another
part and there influences a specific physiological process(Bayliss and Starling,1904)
The hormones are characterized by the

property of serving as chemical
messengers, by which the activity of certain
organs is coordinated with that of others”.
-Frits Went and Kenneth Thimann, 1937
Frits Went, 1903-1990

Kenneth Thimann, 1904-1997
To avoid confusion between the animal mechanism, the term Phytohormones has been
introduced for the substance in the plant. 4
Hormones : Greek word derived from “Hormao” to stimulate.
Phyto Hormones
Phyto hormones regulate cellular activities (division, elongation and differentiation), pattern
formation, organogenesis, reproduction, sex determination, and responses to abiotic and biotic
stress.
5
Plant Growth Regulators are synthetic or biological compounds that positively

benefit and modify the plants growth and development.
Growth - It may be defined simply as an irreversible increase in mass due to the division and
enlargement of cells, and may be applied to an organism as a whole or to any of its parts
The coordination of growth and differentiation of a single cell into multicellular tissues
and organs is called Development.
6
Class of plant growth regulators
 Auxins: IAA, NAA, IBA, 2-4D, 4- CPA
 Gibberellins: GA3
 Cytokinins: Kinetin, Zeatin
 Ethylene: Etherel
 Abscissic acid: Dormins, Phaseic Acid
 Phenolic substances: Coumarin
 Natural substances: Vitamins, Phytochrome Tranmatic .
 Synthetic substances: Synthetic Auxins, Synthetic Cytokinins
 Growth inhibitors: AMO-1618, Phosphon-D, Cycosel, B-999.
 New Generation PGR.
 Growth retardants : Triazoles, Onium compounds, 7

Cont….
Class Associated functions

Apical dominance, root induction, control fruits drops, regulation of flowering,
Auxins parthenocarpy, phototropism, geotropism, herbicides, inhibit abscission, sex
determination, xylem differentiation, nucleic acid activity.

Stimulate cell division and elongation, stimulate germination of seeds Stimulates
Gibberellins
bolting/flowering in response to long days, prevention of genetic dwarfism, increase flower
and fruit size, dormancy, induces maleness in dioecious flowers, extending self-life.

Promotes cell division, cell enlargement and cell differentiation, stimulate bud initiation and root
Cytokinins
growth, translocation of nutrients, prolong storage life of flowers and vegetables, prevent
chlorophyll degradation, morphogenesis, lateral bud development, delay of senescence.
Ethylene Induce uniform ripening in vegetables, promotes abscission, senescence of leaf.
Abscisic acid Act as plant stress hormone, dormancy induction of buds and seeds, induces seeds to
synthesize storage proteins, dormancy, seed development and germination, stomata closing.
8
Additional responses to auxin
 Abscission -loss of leaves. CONTROL OF ABCISSION BY AUXIN
Thinning.
9
Gibberellins
 Induce maleness in plants.

 Dormancy Breaking. (Temperate region
during autumn dormancy break).
 Increase in Fruit size.
 Produce Parthenocarpic fruits.
 Strawberry Runner production –

80ppmGA3 Kumar et al., (2012)
Berry Thinning Cell Elongation

10
Anti-Gibberellin
 Breaks Alternate Bearing.

 Reduces the Vigour of the tree.
 Chemical Pruning.
 Induction of offseason
 Crop Regulation.
11
Cytokinin
 Promotes cell division and aids in the synthesis of DNA
and RNA.
 Lateral bud development.
 Stimulates root initiation
 Dormancy can be broken
 Morphogenesis.
 Cell enlargement. (CPPU) More Lateral buds,
(More panicles per
 Induce Flowering in Mango, 6Ba – 100 PPM Terminal)
12
(GA4 +7)= + 6Ba CPPU 6Ba
ETHYLENE
Gaseous in form and rapidly diffusing.
Gas produced by one plant will affect nearby plants.
Fruit ripening.
Epinasty–downward curvature of leaves.
Encourages senescence and abscission.
Initiation of stem elongation and bud development.
Flowering -Ethylene inhibits flowering in most species, but promotes it in a
few plants such as pineapple, bromeliads, and mango.
Sex Expression.
Color Development – Anthocyanin Pigmentation (Ethrel 1200 ppm ).
13
ABA
14
1 Triacontanol
2 Karrikins
3 Peptide hormones
4 Jasmonic acid
New
Generation Strigolactones
5
Hormones
6 Brassinosteroids
7 Salicylic acid
8 Nitric oxide
15
Triacontanol (TRIA), a long-

chain saturated primary alcohol
(C30H61OH)
First identified in 1933 from

TRIACONTANOL Alfalfa wax
Natural component of plant

Epicuticular waxes - having
potent plant growth-promoting
property.
16
Role of TRIA in plants
Increases root length, Increases mineral nutrient

fresh/dry mass accumulation
Increases shoot length, fresh, Reduces H2O2 content and

dry mass lipid peroxidation
Increases osmolytes
Increases leaf area per plant
accumulation
Enhances photosynthetic Enhances antioxidant

pigments enzyme activities
Improves gas exchange Increases yield and its

parameters attributes
17
Role of Triacontanol under salt stress
Shaistul Islam et al., 202118

Karrikins
 It is a group of Plant growth regulators found in the

smoke of burning plant material.
 Formed by heating or combustion of Carbohydrates,
including sugars and polysaccharides, mainly Cellulose
 Mimics as Strigolactone
 No evidence of Karrikins occurring naturally in Plants
 So far, Six (6) Karrikins have been identified :
KAR1/Karrikinolode, KAR2, KAR3, KAR4, KAR5,
KAR6
 Karrikins help in Seed germination
Butenolide
19
 It is a positive regulator of seed germination and growth with regard to many

plant species. Karrikins are butenolides in smoke and char that stimulate seed
germination.
 Smoke exposure exerts a positive and stimulatory effect on morphological,
physiological, photosynthetic, and nutritional attributes.
 Plant-derived smoke is a relatively simple and affordable technique that may
prove as a feasible option for resource-limited farmers to improve their crop
production.
20
Peptide hormones
• 5-60 amino acid residues which serve

as receptor ligands
• Influence many developmental
programs, active at very low
concentrations
• The first known plant peptide
hormone was named systemin from
wounded leaves in 1991 Gregory
Pearce isolated it.
21
Peptide Hormones
Small Molecule Peptide Hormones

Hormones
Chemical Structure: • Regulate growth Chemical
Derived from Amino and development Structure: Derived
at minute conc.
acids(IAA), from Polypeptide
• Can act long
isoprenoids(BAP),lipids distance. chains.
(JA) • Activity may Biosynthesis:
Biosynthesis: End require 20 group Transcribed
products of cellular modification ribosomally from a
Metabolic pathway single gene
22
Peptide hormones control various developmental programs
Leaf development
Inflorescence development Stomatal patterning and distribution
Inflorescence distribution Density of guard cells
Floral organ abscission- seed distribution Leaf shape
Pollen tube germination, growth, and Leaf vascularization
guidance to the ovule
Stigma exudate deposition
Shoot development
Self-incompatibility determinant
Meristem maintenance
Fruit shape
Cell division and expansion
Plant height
Biosynthesis of alkaloids
Seed and seed-pod development
Vascular differentiation
Early and late embryo patterning
Nutrient translocation in seeds
Root development
Lateral root formation
Response to biotic stresses Meristem maintenance
Immune system and defense against pathogens Gravitropism
Associations with beneficial microorganisms Root hair growth
Protection against herbivory Vascular differentiation
Response to abiotic stresses

Nitrogen, phosphorus limitation
Stomatal control of transpiration 23
Many peptide hormones are floral regulators
24
JASMONIC ACID (JA)
 Lipid based Plant hormones

 Methyl jasmonates (Me Ja) –derived
from Jasminum grandiflorum.
molecular structure of jasmonates –
1962
 Has a Wide range of function
25
JASMONIC ACID (JA)
• Jasmonates affect a variety of plant processes such as fruit ripening, root
growth, tendril coiling, photosynthesis reproductive development, and defense
against various biotic and abiotic stresses whereas at higher concentrations (>
50μM) promote senescence and leaf abscission.
• Endogenous Jas levels increase in response to the external stimuli, including
mechanical damage, pathogen attack, and osmotic stress (biotic and abiotic
stresses)
• Jasmonic acid is a plant-signaling molecule closely associated with plant
resistance to abiotic stress.
26
Jasmonic Acid – mediated antioxidant defense
27
28
29
STRIGOLACTONE
• Strigolactones (SLs), a group of small carotenoid-
derived molecules (β-carotene)
• Strigol, the first strigolactones (SL), was isolated in
1966 from cotton root exudate, since then these
compounds were collectively known as strigolactones.
30
The stress triggered the biosynthesis and signaling of

SLs. It provides resistance to plants under abiotic and
biotic stress conditions.
In a cross-talk with ABA, SLs regulate stomatal density
and release seed dormancy.
Under water stress, SLs inhibit shoot growth (a cross-

talk with cytokinin) it enhances lateral root growth to
increase the uptake of water.
SLs enhance arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) association

to increase mineral uptake under Nitrogen and
Phosphorus deficiency.
Under biotic stress conditions SLs provide tolerance

against pathogen infection.
31
SL
deficient
Wild
type
In mutant plants unable to make SLs,

many more shoot branches grow out
SLs promotes the symbiotic association with AM fungi. This symbiosis

occurs in 80% of land plants and helps them assimilate nutrients from
the soil 32
Brassinosteroid
• Isolated from Brassica napus pollen in 1979
• Protect against many stresses mainly in
Horticultural crops .
33
BRASSINOSTEROID Improve yield and quality of crop (kang, 2011;

Prusakova et al, 1999 - potatoes)
Regulate uptake of ions into a plant cell, reducing the

accumulation of heavy metals (Khripach et al 1995,
1996)
Improved production and quality in new crops

(Belova, 1999)
Improves growth & photosynthesis through the

enhanced antioxidant system in presence of chilling
stress (Cucumbers - Fariduddin,2011)
34
 Application of BR exhibited a decline fruit abortion and fruit fall.
 Increase pollen tube growth and fertilization.
 BR prevented premature abscission of fruit.
 BRs also regulate the activity of defence related enzymes which could develop strong
defence mechanism against different microorganisms.
 It was reported found that altering the level of endogenous BRs, promotes fruit quality
(Li et. al., 2010; Lieselotte et. al., 2014).
35
36
Salicylic Acid
 Salicylic acid (C7H6O3) is a monohydroxy

benzoic acid (type of phenolic acid and
betahydroxy acid).
 Derived from the metabolism of salicin.
 SA have influence on photosynthesis, ion
uptake, membrane permeability, enzyme
activities, flowering and growth and
development of plants.
 Induce SAR (Systemic Aquired Resistance)
37
38
https://www.ontario.ca/page/plant-growth-regulators
IMPACT OF NITRIC OXIDE IN STRESS CONDITION ON PLANTS
39
Model of plant hormone interactions
• A conceptual model of potential interactions

amongst plant hormones.
• The hormones within the same circle have

complementary or similar actions.
• The solid arrows point to a new circle

containing hormones whose action has been
promoted or substantially prepared by the
hormones in the previous circle.
• The dashed lines link the hormones that

have competitive or antagonistic interactions
in plants.
Wang and Irving, 2011 40

Effect of PGR Depend on
 Species or cultivar.
 Higher NAA needed to thin Golden Delicious vs Red Delicious.
 Less vigorous cultivars respond to a greater degree than vigorous trees.
 Organ acted upon.
 Timing of the spray.
 Concentration absorbed.
 Weather conditions during, before & after application.
 Spray fluid pH.
 Leaf Nutrient Status.
41
Crops PGRs Impact Reference

Citation
FRUITS
Decreased pre harvest fruit drop percentage, leading to increase in total
Mandarin number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, juice percentage, total solublesolids, Nawaz et al. (2008)
2,4-D and NAA
acidity, vitamin-C, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars
%
Sweet NAA Maximum reduction of fruit drop, fruit retention, number of fruits per plant Sweety et al.
orange and fruit yield per plant (2018)
Maximum fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, the volume of fruit,
Sapota GA3 and NAA TSS, reducing and none reducing sugar, yield per Sahu et al. (2018)
tree, yield perhectare and extended shelf life
Ethylene Minimized the ripening time and increase Physico- vidhya et al.
chemical properties (2017)
GA3 Retarded the total loss in weight, chlorophyll and ascorbic acid Sahu et al. (2018)
content, reduced amylase and peroxidase activity
during ripening.
Mango ABA Higher total sugars and sucrose, regulating mango Zaharah et al.
of ripening (2012)
Ethylene Initiating mango ripening Nguyen and
McConchie
(2002)
42
Crops PGRs Impact Reference

Citation
FRUITS
Banana Ethephon Delayed ripening process Xiaoyang et al.
(1-MCP) (2015)
GA3 Maximum growth, yield, quality attribute and Lal and Das
highest germination (2017)
Guava
Effective in shooting response, number of shoot/explants, shoot
BA length reducing, physiological loss in weight (PLW), Nagar et al.
decay, reduction in diameter and juice content (2002)
Ethylene Increase in the rate of skin yellowing and softening of immature-green Reyes and
Paull (1995)
fruit
custard BA Enhanced shelf-life Chouksey et al.
apple (2013)
Pineapple ABA Reduced the intensity of internal browning, moisture loss and malic acid Nanayakkara et
content in the crown leaves al. (2005)
Citrus ABA, Ethylene Induced callus formation Goren et al.
(1979)
43
CASE STUDY…..
44
CASE STUDY -1
Objective : The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of exogenous
applications of MT to pear trees on indicators of pear fruit quality.
45
Materials and Methods
• Experiments were carried out in a pear orchard located in Wugong, Shaanxi Province, China (34.12°N,
108.26°E.
• At 20 days after pollination, healthy and uniform 5-year-old ‘Zaosu’ pear plants, which had been grafted
onto quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) rootstock with cv. Beurre Hardy as interstock were sprayed with
100 μmol L−1 Melatonin.
• Fruit from the trees were sampled every 20 days, from 20 days after pollination, until the fruit were ripe, at
80 days after treatment.
• Statistical Analysis
Treatment differences were tested using the Student’s t test, at p<0.05 in SPSS 23.0. Results are presented
as means±SDs of at least three replicate samples.
46
RESULTS
47
48
49
50
51
Conclusions
• This study showed that pear trees treated with melatonin produced larger and sweeter fruit
of a standard shape.
• At the fruit expansion stage, melatonin improved photosynthetic efficiency that increased
single fruit weight.
• Melatonin regulated vAINV, NINV, SUSY, and SPS activities so that content of soluble
and reducing sugars increased, and that of sucrose and sorbitol was higher.
• Expression analysis of the genes that control sucrose provides a platform for a better
understanding of the effect of melatonin on sugar accumulation in pear fruit development.
52
CASE STUDY - 2
Objective : Aim of this study was to assess the use of root pruning, paclobutrazol, and
prohexadione-Ca (Pro-Ca) either alone or in combination, to control growth and improve
productivity on pear trees. 53
• A field trial was conducted during three years at the experimental station of IRTA (Institute of Research and
Technology, Food and Agriculture) in Gimenells, Spain (41°39'22.25"N; 0°23'25.37"E).
• The experiment was conducted in a 10 year-old pear orchard with ‘Blanquilla’ as the scion cultivar grafted
on quince ‘M-A’ clonal rootstock. Planting distance was 4 m × 2 m (1250 trees/ha).
• The experiment was organized in a randomized complete block design with four replications, with each
experimental unit being a section of eight trees.
• Treatments included:
1. Root pruning
2. Paclo-butrazol (Cultar®, Syngenta, Basel, Switzerland)
3. ProCa (Regalis®, BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany)
4. Root pruning + paclobutrazol
5. Root pruning + ProCa
6. Control trees.
• Root pruning was performed every year at the end of February, using a tractor with a straight knife
perpendicularly-oriented to the soil surface, cutting at 30 cm from the trunk and 40 cm depth on both sides
of the trees.
• Paclobutrazol was applied as a foliar spray at 225 mL·hL-1 once a year at 15-20 days after petal fall.
• ProCa was applied as a foliar spray at 150 g·hL-1 three times per year.
54
R
E
S
U
L
T
S
Table 1. Effect of treatment on shoot number, shoot length (cm), percentage of shoots <60 cm long, and percentage of shoots <40 cm
long on ‘Blanquilla’ pear at IRTA Gimenells. Grey bars represent variable value. Means within a column followed by different letters
denotes significant differences among treatments (Tukey's honestly significant difference, p ≤ 0.05). Non-significant at p ≤ 0.05. 55
Table 2. Effect of treatment on yield (kg), percentage of yield >60 mm, fruit set (final fruit number/flower cluster), and fruit weight
(g) on ‘Blanquilla’ pear at IRTA Gimenells. Grey bars represent variable value. Means within a column followed by different letters denotes
significant differences among treatments (Tukey's honestly significant difference, p ≤ 0.05). Non-significant at p ≤ 0.05.
56
Table 3. Effect of treatment on trunk-cross-sectional area (TCSA, cm2), crop load (fruit number/TCSA cm2), yield efficiency
(yield kg/TCSA cm2), number of pruning cuts, and pruning weight (kg) on ‘Blanquilla’ pear at IRTA Gimenells. Grey bars represent
variable value. Means within a column followed by different letters denotes significant differences among treatments (Tukey's honestly
significant difference, p ≤ 0.05). Non-significant at p ≤ 0.05. 57
Table 4. Effect of treatment on fruit quality such as fruit firmness (kg) and soluble solids (ºBrix), and return bloom
(number of flower clusters per tree) on ‘Blanquilla’ pear at IRTA Gimenells. Grey bars represent variable value. Means
within a column followed by different letters denotes significant differences among treatments (Tukey's honestly
significant difference, p ≤ 0.05). Non-significant at p ≤ 0.05.
58
Conclusion
• The use of paclobutrazol either alone or in combination with root pruning,
depending on the desired grade of growth control, seemed to be most suitable
for situations of high-vigor cultivars, with trouble on their management.
• The fact that use of paclobutrazol may be challenged again in the future, leave
combinations of root pruning plus ProCa as the best shot for vigorous
cultivars.
• In other situations of medium-low vigor, ProCa alone would be the best
strategy.
• Further research should address relations between the amount of absorbing roots
that are cut and the affection it has, especially in combination with paclobutrazol
and ProCa.
• In addition, timing of root pruning may play an important role not only on
vigor control but on vegetative response and fruit set, hence, they should be
addressed as well.
59
CASE STUDY - 3
Objective : The objective of this research was to determine the effects of pre-harvest 24-
epibrassinolide (24-eBL) applications at different doses and application times on yield, quality, and
the accumulation of antioxidant compounds in Alphonse Lavallée grape cultivars during 2 years. 60
Materials and Methods
• The experiment was performed on 9-year-old Vitis vinifera L. cv. Alphonse Lavallée grafted on 41 B
M.G. rootstocks. Vines were planted at a spacing of 2×3 m and trained on a bilateral cordon system in a
commercial vineyard in the Senirkent-Isparta/Turkey.
• The experiment was conducted at a RBD with 13 treatments, 3 replications, and 8 vines per replication
(totally 312 vines) in separate vine rows.
• 24-eBL (Phyto Technology Laboratories, US) at four diferent concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 mg
L−1) was applied to vines.
• The stock solution of 24-eBL was prepared by dissolving in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and the fnal
volume was maintained by water containing 0.1% (v/v) Tween 20 as a surfactant.
61
Treatment Details
62
Results
63
64
65
66
Conclusion
• In this study, it was determined that pre-harvest 24-eBL applications increase the yield,
quality, and the synthesis and accumulation of antioxidant components compared to control
application, as long as it is applied in the appropriate period and concentration.
• The best results were obtained from the 10th application containing 0.2 mg L−1 of 24-eBL
at 3 periods (7 days after fruit set+veraison+30 days after veraison) for Alphonse
Lavallée grape cultivar in terms of yield and quality parameters including yield per vine,
cluster weight, berry weight, and specifc gravity.
• 24-eBL applications performed at concentrations of 0.6 or 0.8 mg L−1 at veraison period

could be recommended for the secondary metabolite accumulation. 67
CASE STUDY - 4
Objective : The present study was undertaken to improve the understanding of the effect of Salicylic acid
under different nitrogen regimes against bacterial blight disease of pomegranate and to develop a multi-
pronged strategy of activation of Systemic Acquired Resistance(SAR) and chemical control for effective
management of disease.
68
Materials and methods

• The experiment was conducted for two cropping seasons during 2014–2016 under greenhouse
condition at ICAR-National Research Centre on Pomegranate, Solapur, Maharashtra.
• Eight treatments consisting of factorial combination of four rates of N supply (i.e. no nitrogen, 0 g N
kg−1 ; 50% of the recommended dose, 0.63 g N kg−1 ; 100% of the recommended dose, 1.25 g N kg−1
and 200% of the recommended dose, 2.50 g N kg−1 soil) (Singh and Sharma 1998) and two rates of SA
(i.e. 0 and 300 ppm) were used.
• Disease-free layers of pomegranate (1-year-old) cv. Bhagwa were obtained from the nursery of ICAR-
NRCP, Solapur and planted in cement pots (25.4 cm in diameter) filled with mixture of soil and well
decomposed farmyard manure (6:1).
69
Treatment Details
• The experiment was laid out using Randomized Block Design with six treatments and three replications.
• The treatments were:
1. Control (T1),
2. Foliar applications of streptocycline at the rate of 500 ppm (T2),
3. Foliar applications of 2-bromo 2-nitropropane, 1–3 diol at the rate of 500 ppm (T3),
4. Foliar application of streptocycline at the rate of 500 ppm and salicylic acid at the rate of 300 ppm (T4),
5. Foliar applications of 2-bromo 2- nitro propane, 1–3 diol at the rate of 500 ppm and salicylic acid at the rate of 300 ppm
(T5),
6. Foliar applications of salicylic acid at the rate of 300 ppm (T6).
• The treatments were applied three times on the plant and salicylic acid spray was undertaken immediately after split
applications of N.
70
71
72
73
74
75
Conclusion
• In conclusion, our studies demonstrate synergy in the use of activation of plant defence mechanism
through optimum nitrogen nutrition and elicitor, salicylic acid and bactericides like streptocycline.
• This strategy can remarkably reduce bacterial blight disease infection through enhancing the plant’s own
defense mechanism as indicated by elevation of phenol concentration, activities of nitrate reductase,
other antioxidant enzymes, mineral nutrient uptake and killing bacterial cells on the plant surface.
• The use of mineral nutrients and elicitors such as salicylic acid in crop protection and disease
management is thought to be a novel approach.
• It may be possible to reduce conventional chemical pesticides use on the produce as well as on the
environment with any such tested elicitors because of their economic and ecological efficacy.
76
Future Thrust
 The plant growth regulators either synthetic or natural have been found great applications in
agriculture. Plant growth regulators, which are in small quantity, can have effects to promote and
modify a physiological process in plants.
 On the evidences of their effects in small quantity these growth regulators have been found greater
applications and economic importance for farmers.
 The use of new generation plant growth regulators such as salicylic acid, brassinosteroids, nitric
oxide, karrikins etc. in fruit crop production is thought to be a novel approach in the cultivation of
fruit crops.
 It may be possible to reduce conventional, chemical pesticides use on the produce as well as on
the environment with new generation plant hormones because of their economic and ecological
efficacy. 77
Thank You
78

Impact of PGR On Fruit Crops.

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Dept of Fruit Science, TNAU.

FSC 591 MASTERS SEMINAR (0+1)

CHAIRMAN CO – CHAIRMAN PRESENTED BY

Sl. No. Advisory Committee Name, Designation & Department

NEW GENERATION PGR

IMPACT ON FRUIT CROPS

The hormones are characterized by the

Frits Went, 1903-1990

Hormones : Greek word derived from “Hormao” to stimulate.

Plant Growth Regulators are synthetic or biological compounds that positively

 Cytokinins: Kinetin, Zeatin

 Abscissic acid: Dormins, Phaseic Acid

 Phenolic substances: Coumarin

 Natural substances: Vitamins, Phytochrome Tranmatic .

 Synthetic substances: Synthetic Auxins, Synthetic Cytokinins

 Growth inhibitors: AMO-1618, Phosphon-D, Cycosel, B-999.

 New Generation PGR.

 Growth retardants : Triazoles, Onium compounds, 7

Class Associated functions

Ethylene Induce uniform ripening in vegetables, promotes abscission, senescence of leaf.

Additional responses to auxin

 Abscission -loss of leaves. CONTROL OF ABCISSION BY AUXIN

 Induce maleness in plants.

 Strawberry Runner production –

Berry Thinning Cell Elongation

 Breaks Alternate Bearing.

Triacontanol (TRIA), a long-

First identified in 1933 from

Natural component of plant

Role of TRIA in plants

Increases root length, Increases mineral nutrient

Increases shoot length, fresh, Reduces H2O2 content and

Enhances photosynthetic Enhances antioxidant

Improves gas exchange Increases yield and its

Role of Triacontanol under salt stress

Shaistul Islam et al., 202118

 It is a group of Plant growth regulators found in the

 It is a positive regulator of seed germination and growth with regard to many

• 5-60 amino acid residues which serve

Small Molecule Peptide Hormones

Response to abiotic stresses

Many peptide hormones are floral regulators

JASMONIC ACID (JA)

 Lipid based Plant hormones

growth, tendril coiling, photosynthesis reproductive development, and defense

50μM) promote senescence and leaf abscission.

• Endogenous Jas levels increase in response to the external stimuli, including

• Jasmonic acid is a plant-signaling molecule closely associated with plant

resistance to abiotic stress.

• Strigolactones (SLs), a group of small carotenoid-

derived molecules (β-carotene)

• Strigol, the first strigolactones (SL), was isolated in

1966 from cotton root exudate, since then these

compounds were collectively known as strigolactones.

The stress triggered the biosynthesis and signaling of

Under water stress, SLs inhibit shoot growth (a cross-

SLs enhance arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) association

Under biotic stress conditions SLs provide tolerance

In mutant plants unable to make SLs,

SLs promotes the symbiotic association with AM fungi. This symbiosis

BRASSINOSTEROID Improve yield and quality of crop (kang, 2011;

Regulate uptake of ions into a plant cell, reducing the

Improved production and quality in new crops