FEDRAL TECHNICAL VOCATIONAL EDUCATIONAL TRAINING INSTITUTE

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

DEPARTMENTS OF ELECTRICAL/ ELECTRONICS

SECTION E32
TEACHING PRACTICE GROUP PRESENTATION

Prepared By: Group 3

Lesson Objective
At the end of this lesson the learner shall be
able to: -
List the three terminal/leg of bipolar transistor.
Define the application of bipolar transistor.
Tell how to identify the transistor either PNP
or NPN.
Tell how to identify emitter, collector and base
of the transistor.
 Introduction Diode

A diode is a 2 lead semiconductor that acts as a one way

gate to electron flow. It allows current to pass in only one
direction.
A PN-junction diode is formed by joining together N-type
and P-type silicon.

 How Diode Works

When a diode is connected to a battery as shown, electrons
from the n-side and holes from the p-side are forced toward
the center by the electrical field supplied by the battery.
The electrons and holes combine causing the current to
pass through the diode.
When a diode is arranged in this way, it is said to be
forward biased.

Forward-biased (“open door”)

How it doesn’t work

When a diode is connected to a battery as shown, holes in

the N-side are forced to the left while electrons in the P-
side are forced to the right.
It results in an empty zone around the PN- junction that is
free of charge carries creating a depletion region.
This depletion region acts as an insulator preventing
current from flowing through the diode.
When a diode is arranged in this way, it is said to be
reverse biased.

Reverse-biased
 Transistor
 A three lead semiconductor device that acts as:
 an electrically controlled switch, or
 an amplifier.
 It is an electronic device with three contacts: the emitter (E), base
(B) and collector (C).
 A very small current on the transistor's base can control a much
larger current flowing through a passage between collector and
emitter.
Application of concept of transistor
 If there is no water flowing down the base channel, the gate
between the collector and the emitter channel is closed, no water
can flow from the collector to the emitter.
 If there is water flowing down the base channel it lifts the gate
that normally blocks the collector/emitter channel. Once this gate
is open, water flows from the collector to the emitter.
Application of concept of transistor
Transistor Types:
BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor), NPN and PNP type,
JFET (Junction Field Effect Transistor), N-channel and P-
channel and
MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET) Depletion type
(n- and p-channel) and enhancement type (n- and p-channel)
BJT Types (NPN and PNP)
NPN: a small input current and a positive voltage applied at
its base (with VB>VE) allows a large current to flow from
collector to emitter.
PNP: a small output current and a negative voltage at its
base (with VB<VE) allows a much larger current to flow from
emitter to collector.
How an NPN transistor works?
When no voltage is applied at transistor’s base, electrons
in the emitter are prevented from passing to the collector
side because of the PN junction.
If a negative voltage is applied to the base, things get even
worse as the PN junction between the base and emitter
becomes reverse biased resulting in the formation of a
depletion region that prevents current flow.

Schematic diagram of BJT

• If a positive voltage (>0.6V) is applied to the base of an
NPN transistor, the PN junction between the base and
emitter becomes forward-biased.
• During forward bias, escaping electrons are drawn to the
positive base.

Circuit diagram of BJT with zero biasing (transistor OFF)

Some electrons exit through the base, but because the p-
type base is so thin, the onslaught of electrons that leave
the emitter get close enough to the collector side that they
begin jumping into the collector.
Increasing the base voltage increases the emitter-to
collector electron flow.
Recall, positive current flow is in the direction opposite to
the electron flow i.e. current flows from collector to
emitter.

Circuit diagram of BJT

with +ve biasing
(transistor ON)
NPN Transistor in a Complete Circuit
Normally OFF.
No current passes from collector to emitter when base is not
activated.

NPN: VB = VE OFF
Circuit diagram of BJT with zero biasing (transistor OFF)
When VB > VE we have an operating circuit.
Current passes from collector to emitter when base is activated.
 NPN: VB > VE ON

Circuit diagram of BJT with +ve biasing (transistor ON)

 Operation Sheet
TESTING A TRANSISTOR ON A DIGITAL METER
Testing a transistor with a Digital Meter must be done on the
"DIODE" setting. The "DIODE" setting must be used for diodes
and transistors. It should also be called a "TRANSISTOR“ setting
TESTING AN unknown TRANSISTOR
The first thing you may want to do is test an unknown transistor
for COLLECTOR, BASE AND EMITTER. You also want to
perform a test to find out if it is NPN or PNP
 FINDING THE BASE and determining NPN or PNP
Get an unknown transistor and test it with a multi meter set to
“DIODE” Connect positive probes of the tester to the left
side pin of the transistor and negative probe to the middle
side pin of transistor It should be read resistance. Move the
negative probe only to right side pin the tester should be read
resistance. Compare the two resistance value and the higher
resistance is Emitter. the transistor is NPN
 Summery
Bipolar transistor is used to as switching and as
amplifier.
 It is an electronic device have three terminal/leg : the
emitter (E), base (B) and collector (C).
When base is not activated no current passes from
collector to emitter.
When base is activated current passes from collector
to emitter.
Bipolar transistor is high resistance base to emitter to
compare base to collector(Base to Emitter is grater
than to Base to Collector).
 LAP TEST
1. List the three terminal/leg of
bipolar transistor?
2. Define the application of bipolar
transistor?
3. Tell how identify the transistor
either PNP or NPN?
4. Tell how identify emitter, collector
and base of the transistor?
THANK YOU FOR YOUR

ACTIVE
PARTICIPATION!!!