PNP & NPN

Transistors:
construction.working.biasing
BY: S2 GROUP
ROLL NO: 7 – DHANASHREE TAMKHANE
: 8 – TANISHKA PIMPLE (AGR)
: 9 – TANMAY WALKE (GR)
: 10- TANMAY YADAV
: 12- TANVI WALTHARE
GUIDED BY- MANISHA MORE MAM
 INTRODUCTION
 Materials which have a conductivity between conductors and insulators.
 For example: silicon, germanium, or compounds such as gallium and aesenide.
 HISTORY: In 1874, Karl Braun discovered and documented the first semiconductor diode effect. During the development
of semiconductor industry, silicon (Si), and germanium (Ge) are called the first generation of semiconductors. Gallium
arsenide (GaAs) and aluminum arsenide (GaSi) represent the second generation of semiconductors
 Bipolar Junction Transistors: These transistors are commonly known as junction transistors. These were the first type of
transistors produced in 1947 by Bell Labs. Bipolar Junction Transistors are of two types:
 NPN transistors
 PNP transistors


 TYPES OF SEMICONDUCTORS:
 1.INTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTOR 2.EXTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTOR
 a. n-type semiconductor
 b. p-type semiconductor
 TYPES OF SEMICONDUCTORS
Intrinsic semiconductors: Extrinsic semiconductors:
TYPES OF EXTRINSIC
SEMICONDUCTORS
N-TYPE P-TYPE
 Bipolar Junction Transistor
A bipolar junction transistor is a single silicon component where electrons and holes are used as charge carriers. A
bipolar junction transistor lets a small current be injected at one of its terminals to control large amounts of current
flowing between the other two terminals. This makes the device capable of performing switching or amplification.

Bipolar junction transistor is of two types:

•PNP transistor
•NPN transistor

This bipolar PNP junction transistor is formed with three layers of semiconductor material, with two P-type regions
sandwiched between one N-type region.
 Npn transistor

The NPN transistor consists of two n-type

semiconductors that sandwich a p-type
semiconductor.

Here, electrons are the majority charge

carriers, while holes are the minority charge
carriers.

The NPN transistor is represented, as shown.

 Npn transistor construction
The NPN transistor is made of semiconductor
materials like silicon or germanium. When a p-
type semiconductor material is fused between
two n-type semiconductor materials, an NPN
transistor is formed.

The NPN transistor features three terminals: emitter, base and collector.

This transistor features two diodes that are connected back to back. The diode seen
between the emitter-base terminal is referred to as the emitter-base diode. The diode
between collector and base terminal is known as collector-base diodes. The emitter is
moderately doped, the base is lightly doped, and the collector is comparatively more
doped.
 Npn transistor working
When the emitter-base junction is forward biased, a small
voltage VBE is seen. Reverse bias voltage VCE. Due to the
forward bias, the majority charge carriers in the emitter are
repelled towards the base. The electron-hole recombination
is very small in the base region since the base is lightly
doped. Most of the electrons cross into the collector region.
When the emitter is forward biased, electrons move
towards the base and create the emitter current IE. Here,
the majority charge carriers in the P-type material combine
with the holes.

Since the base of the NPN transistor is lightly doped, it lets only a few electrons to combine
and the remaining current is known as the base current IB. When the collector region is
reverse biased, it applies a greater force on the electrons reaching the collector junction and
hence attracts the electrons at the collector.
 PNP Transistor

 The transistor in which one n-type material is doped with two

p-type materials such type of transistor is known as PNP P
transistor.
 It consist of 3 parts:-
1. Emitter-It supplies the charge carriers and is always N
forward biased with respect to the base. The emitter of
a transistor is heavily doped and moderate in size.
2. Base- It is the centre section of the transistor and is
P
lightly doped and very thin.
3. Collector- It collects the majority of the charge carrier Symbol
and is always reverse biased with respect to the base.
It is moderately doped and large in size.
 Construction
   P-type semiconductors are doped heavily than
N-type. Hence, the depletion region at both
junctions penetrates towards the N-type layer.
 In PNP transistors , majority charge carriers are
holes. The emitter emits holes which are
collected at the collector.
 In a PNP transistor, the emitter emits “holes”,
and these holes are collected by the collector.
 The base region has significantly less free
electrons .
 The emitter-base junction is connected in forward
biased, and the collector-base junction is connected
in reverse biased. The emitter which is connected in
the forward biased attracts the electrons towards the
battery and hence constitutes the current to flow
from emitter to collector.
 Working
 The emitter-base junction is connected in forward
biased due to which the emitter pushes the holes in the
base region.
 These holes constitute the emitter current. When these
electrons move into the N-type semiconductor 
material or base, they combined with the electrons.
 The base of the transistor is thin and very lightly
doped. Hence only a few holes combined with the
electrons and the remaining are moved towards the
collector space charge layer. Hence develops the base
current.
 The collector base region is connected in reverse
biased. The holes which collect around the depletion
region when coming under the impact of negative
polarity collected or attracted by the collector. This
develops the collector current. The complete emitter
current flows through the collector current IC.
 NPN TRANSISTOR
1.Negative-positive and negative transistor
2.Transistor in which one p-type semiconductor is
sandwiched between two n-type
3.Current flows from collector to emitter terminal
4.The current flow from collector is generated
by keeping a positive voltage there
5.Majority charge carriers are electrons
6.Positive voltage is connected to collector
terminal
7.It switches ON with increase in current in
base terminal
8.When current is reduced in base,transistor
doesn’t function across the collector terminal
and switches OFF
PNP TRANSISTOR
1.Positive-negative and positive transistor
2.It is made of up two p-type material layers with n-
type sandwiched between them
3.Current flows from emitter to collector
terminal
4.The current flow from emitter to collector is
generated at emitter by keeping a positive
voltage there
5.Majority charge carriers are holes
6.Positive voltage is connected to emitter
terminal
7.It switches ON when there is no current flow
at the base terminal
8.When current is present at base of PNP
transistor, then the transistor switches OFF
Advantages and Disadvantages of using a NPN
Transistor:
Advantages:
• Small in size.
• Can work in low voltage.
• Very cheap.
• Low output impedance.
• Long lasting.
• Spontaneous actions.

Disadvantages:
• High Temperature sensitivity.
• Produce low energy and power.
• Can get damaged during a thermal
runaway.
• Cannot be operated in high frequencies
Advantages and Disadvantages of using a PNP
Transistor:
Advantages of PNP Transistor
•Small in size and could be utilized as a part of IC
design.
•Comparatively cheap, long-lasting and simpler
circuit.
•Spontaneous actions available
•Low supply voltage requirement and less output
impedence.
•Produce less noise than NPN Transistors

Disadvantages of PNP Transistor

•Not suitable to operate on high-frequency
application.
•Perform slowly in comparison to NPN.
•Temperature sensitivity and may get damaged
during a thermal runaway
 Applications of NPN & PNP Transistors
 NPN transistors are widely used in a variety of electronic circuits and devices for a variety of purposes. Some
common applications of NPN transistors in daily life include: Amplifiers
 NPN transistors are commonly used as amplifiers in electronic circuits. They can amplify a small input signal to a
much larger output signal, which is useful in a variety of applications such as audio amplifiers, radio receivers, and
oscillators.Switching:
 NPN transistors can also be used as switches in electronic circuits. When a small current is applied to the base of
the transistor, it allows a larger current to flow through the collector and emitter, effectively turning on the
transistor. When the base current is removed, the transistor turns off, interrupting the flow of current. This makes
NPN transistors useful for controlling the flow of current in a circuit.
 NPN transistors are also used in digital logic circuits as the building blocks of logic gates. Logic gates are used to
perform logical operations on digital signals and are an essential part of computers and other digital devices.
 Motor control: NPN transistors are used to control the flow of current to motors in a variety of applications, such as
electric vehicles, appliances, and power tools..
 Sensing: NPN transistors can be used to sense changes in the environment, such as temperature, pressure, or
light intensity. They can be used to trigger an action when a certain threshold is reached, such as turning on
a fan when the temperature reaches a certain point.
 These are just a few examples of the many ways in which NPN transistors are used in daily life. They are an
essential component of a wide range of electronic devices and systems.
 Power control: PNP transistors are used in power control circuits to regulate the flow of current to devices
such as light bulbs and motors.
 Power switching: PNP transistors can be used to switch power on and off in electronic circuits.
 Voltage regulation: PNP transistors can be used in voltage regulation circuits to maintain a constant voltage
output.
 Level shifting: PNP transistors can be used to shift the level of a signal from one voltage range to another.
 Current limiting: PNP transistors can be used to limit the flow of current in a circuit to prevent damage to
components.
CONCLUSION

 From this presentation we understood the types of semiconductors.

 We learned about bipolar junction transistors and its two types
Pnp transistor and npn transistor.
 We also understood the working , construction and biasing of both pnp and npn
transistors .
 We also understood about the advantages , disadvatages and application of both NPN and
PNP transistors.
REFERENCES
 https://byjus.com/physics/npn-transistor/
 https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/transistor/tran_3.html
 https://www.electrical4u.com/pnp-transistor/
 https://circuitglobe.com/difference-between-npn-and-pnp-transistor.html