The Process of

Reproduction
 At the end of this lesson,
you should be able to:

define fertilization,

Objectives
conception and pregnancy;
explain how pregnancy occurs
and its prevention; and

identity the complications of

early pregnancy in the
growing adolescent.
 INTRODUCTION
Although human beings are fully
sexually differentiated at birth, the
differences between males and females
brain are accentuated at puberty.

This is when the reproductive system

matures, secondary sexual characteristics
develop, and the bodies of males and
females appear more distinctive.
 INTRODUCTION
Female puberty usually begins at about 8-
13 years of age; the reproduction
maturation of boys lags about two years
brain behind that of girls.

The physical changes of female puberty

include breast development, rounding of
the hips and buttocks, growth of the hair
in the pubic region and the underarm,
and the start of menstruation.
 How does

OVAR Y
one ovulate?
The major landmark of puberty among females is the onset of the
menstrual cycle, the monthly ovulation cycle that leads to menstruation
(loss of blood and tissues lining the uterus) in the absence of pregnancy.

The menstrual cycle is from the first day of a period until the day before
the next period starts.

Normally, it lasts around 28 days, on the average, but can be as short as

21 or as long as 40.

Whatever the length, ovulation will happen about 10-16 days before the
start of the next period.
How does pregnancy
occur?
For pregnancy to proceed, the sperm needs to meet up
with an egg.

Pregnancy officially starts when a fertilized egg implants

in the lining of the uterus.

Pregnancy happens2-3 weeks after sexual intercourse.

Conception is the process that begins with fertilization of

an egg by the sperm and ends with implantation.

When a male and female have a sexual intercourse, the

penis fits into the womans vagina.
How does pregnancy
occur?
Ejaculation or coming releases the sperm via the penis
into the vagina.

The sperm swims through the female's cervix, into the

womb, and finally into the fallopian tubes.

Once the egg or ovum has been released into the

fallopian tube, hundreds of sperm swim up to reach it.

Finally, the sperm penetrates the egg in the fallopian

tube where fertilization takes place and eventually,
becomes an embryo.
How does pregnancy
occur?
Once the embryo(fertilized egg) attaches to the inner
lining of the uterus (endothelium), a fetus develops
within five to seven days from a ball of cells floating in
the uterus, which officially begins pregnancy.

A normal pregnancy lasts 37-42 Weeks (nine months).

'This is measured from the first day of the last period.
Pregnancy is discussed in terms of trimesters (three-
month periods),since each trimester is very different
from the rest.

After eight weeks, the embryo is officially referred to as

a fetus.
 Teenage Pregnancy

Teen pregnancy has a tremendous

impact on the educational, social, and
economic lives of young people.
Early parenting reduces the likelihood
that a young woman will not complete
high school and pursue the necessary
post-secondary education needed to
compete in today’s economy,
Although there is a decline in teenage
pregnancy rates it has been steady over
the past two decades.
Teens are still engaging in sexual activity
and teen girls are still getting pregnant.
 What can
be done to
prevent teenage
pregnancy?
 Different Kinds of

Contraception!
Contraceptive pills, Implants,
Injectables, Patches, Condoms, Male
and Female Sterilization, and the
popular one, The Withdrawal.
 Contraceptive Methods Instruction Benefits
Type of How it works Effectiveness Benefits or Use Other than
Contraceptiv Conception
e Method

Condom: Rolled over the 80-85% Low cost Do use with Can be
rubber sheath penis accessible and oil-based effective in
that fits over reduces risk if lubricants prevention of
the penis STDs/STIs such as STIs and
creams and HIV/AIDS
lotions
 Contraceptive Methods Instruction
Type of How it works Effectiveness Benefits or Use
Contracepti
ve Method

Implantable Continuous Not known Continuous Implant of the

Hormone release of birth control capsule in the
Device : hormones for five years upper arm;
continuous done by the
release of doctor
hormone
 Contraceptive Methods Instruction Benefits
Type of How it works Effectiveness Benefits or Use Other than
Contracepti Conception
ve Method
Calendar Allows the Theoretically No cost, and Woman must None
Method: woman to keep 85% , but in under the keep track with
Woman track or “safe” reality about control of a the help of a
predicts days for sex 60% woman calendar
the day
of
ovulation by
keeping a
 Contraceptive Methods Instruction or Benefits Other
Type of How it works Effectiveness Benefits
Contraceptive Use than
Conception
Method

Withdrawal: Prevents the Theoretically No cost under Dependent on None

removal of the semen from 85% but in the control of the man
penis from the going into the reality about the man and
vagina before vagina 70% woman
ejaculation involved
Type of How it works Effectiveness Benefits Instruction or Benefits Other
Contraceptive Use than
Conception
Method
Withdrawal: Prevents the Theoretically No cost under Dependent on None
Contraceptive Methods
Health effects of early pregnancy in

OVAR Y
the growing adolescent?
Obstructed labor –also known as labour dystocia, is when
the baby does not exit the pelvis during childbirth due to
being physically blocked, despite the uterus contracting
normally.

Common maternal complications of obstructed labour

include sepsis, paralytic ileus, postpartum haemorrhage,
fistula formation.

Common fetal complications of obstructed labour are

severe asphyxia, neonatal sepsis and death
 Teenage Pregnancy
Additional complication
 excessive vomiting;
 severe anemia;
 hypertension;
 convulsions;
 difficulty in breast feeding (if the girl is
Safe sex
too young to produce milks
 premature and low birth weight
babies;
Practice

 infection;
 prolonged labor; and
 high maternal mortality or death.
Thank You!