Introductory Chemistry:

A Foundation, 6th Ed.

Introductory Chemistry,
6th Ed.

Basic Chemistry, 6th Ed.

by Steven S. Zumdahl & Donald
J. DeCoste
University of Illinois
 Chapter 16
Acids and Bases
 Properties of Acids
• Sour taste
• Turn blue litmus paper red
• Change color of vegetable dyes (red cabbage juice)
• React with “active” metals
– Like Al, Zn, Fe, but not Cu, Ag or Au
Zn + 2 HCl ZnCl2 + H2
• Corrosive
• React with carbonates, producing CO2
– Marble, baking soda, chalk
CaCO3 + 2 HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
• React with bases to form ionic salts, and often water
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 Properties of Bases

• Also known as alkalis

• Bitter Taste
• Feel slippery
• Change color of vegetable dyes
– Different color than acid
– Turn red litmus blue
• React with acids to form ionic salts, and often
water
– Neutralization

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 Arrhenius Theory

• Acids ionize in water to H+ ions and anions

• Bases ionize in water to OH- ions and
cations
• Neutralization reaction involves H+
combining with OH- to make water
• H+ ions are protons

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 Arrhenius Theory (cont.)

• Definition only good in water solution

• Definition does not explain why ammonia

solutions turn litmus blue
– Basic without OH- ions

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 Brønsted-Lowry Theory

• H+ transfer reaction
– Since H+ is a proton, also known as proton transfer
reactions
Acids are proton donors, bases are proton acceptors
• In the reaction, a proton from the acid
molecule is transferred to the base molecule
• Products are called the conjugate acid and
conjugate base

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 Brønsted-Lowry Theory (cont.)

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 Brønsted-Lowry Theory (cont.)

H-A + :B  A- + H-B+
A- is the conjugate base, H-B+ is the conjugate
acid
• Conjugate acid-base pair is either the
original acid and its conjugate base or the
original base and its conjugate acid
– H-A and A- are a conjugate acid-base pair
– :B and H-B+ are a conjugate acid-base pair

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 Example #1:

Write the conjugate base for the acid H3PO4

• Determine what species you will get if you
remove 1 H+1 from the acid.
– Conjugate base will have one more negative
charge than the original acid

H3PO4  H+ + H2PO4-

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 Self- check p 490

• Which of the following represent conjugate

acid base pairs?
• A. H2O, H3O+
• B. OH-, HNO3
• C. H2SO4, SO42-
• D. HC2H3O2, C2H3O2-

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 Brønsted-Lowery Theory (cont.)

• In this theory, instead of the acid, HA,

dissociating into H+(aq) and A- (aq), the acid
donates its H to a water molecule
HA + H2O  A- + H3O+
A-1 is the conjugate base, H3O+ is the conjugate
acid

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 Brønsted-Lowry Theory (cont.)

• H3O+ is called the hydronium ion

• In this theory, substances that do not have
OH- ions can act as a base if they can
accept a H+1 from water.

H2O + :B  OH- + H-B+

:B is acting here as a base.

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 Strength of Acids & Bases

• The stronger the acid, the more willing it is

to donate H+

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 Strength of Acids & Bases (cont.)

• Strong bases will react completely with

water to form hydroxide:
CO3-2 + H2O HCO3- + OH-

• Only small fraction of weak base molecules

pull H+ off water:
HCO3- + H2O H2CO3 + OH-

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 Multiprotic Acids

• Monoprotic acids have 1 acid H, diprotic 2, etc.

– In oxyacids only the H on the O is acidic

• In strong multiprotic acids, like H2SO4, only the

first H is strong; transferring the second H is
usually weak
H2SO4 + H2O  H3O+ + HSO4-
HSO4- + H2O  H3O+ + SO4-2

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 Water As an Acid and a Base

• Amphoteric substances can act as either an

acid or a base.
– Water as an acid, NH3 + H2O  NH4+ + OH-
– Water as a base, HCl + H2O  H3O+ + Cl-

• Water can even react with itself:

H2O + H2O  H3O + + OH-

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 Autoionization of Water

• Water is an extremely weak electrolyte.

– Therefore there must be a few ions present

H2O + H2O  H3O+ + OH-

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 Acid Nomenclature
• Acids
– Compounds that form H+ in water.
– Formulas usually begin with ‘H’.
– In order to be an acid instead of a gas, binary acids must be
aqueous (dissolved in water)
– Ternary acids are ALL aqueous
• Examples:
– HCl (aq) – hydrochloric acid
– HNO3 – nitric acid
– H2SO4 – sulfuric acid

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 Acid nomenclature

• If anion ending is –ide (Binary compound), the

acid name is hydro(stem)ic acid
• If ternary compounds-
• -Ate ending: (stem)ic acid
• -ite ending: (stem)ous acid

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 Acid Nomenclature Flowchart
AC ID S
s tart w ith 'H '

2 e lem en ts 3 elem en ts

h y d ro - p refix n o h y d ro - p refix
-ic en d in g

-a te en d in g -ite en d in g
b ec om es b ec om es
-ic en d in g -o u s en d in g

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 Solved examples

• HBr – 2 elements-ide, hydrobromic acid

• H2CO3- 3 elements- ate, carbonic acid
• H2SO3- 3 elements- ite, sulfurous acid
• Hydrofluoric acid: 2 elements= HF
• Sulfuric acid: 3 elements, –ic= -ate, H2SO4
• Nitrous acid: 3 elements, -ous= -ite, HNO2

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 Now your turn!

• HI (aq)
• HCl
• H2SO3
• HNO3
• HIO4

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 • Hydrobromic acid
• Nitrous acid
• Carbonic acid
• Phosphoric acid

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 Acidic and Basic Solutions

• Acidic solutions have a larger [H+] than [OH-]

• Basic solutions have a larger [OH-] than [H+]

• Neutral solutions have [H+]=[OH-]= 1 x 10-7 M

[H ] =
+ 1 x 10-14 [OH ] =
- 1 x 10 -14

[OH-] [H+]

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 Ion product of water

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 Example #2

Determine the [H+] and [OH-] in a

10.0 M H+ solution

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 Example #2 (cont.)

• Determine the given information and the

information you need to find
– Given [H+] = 10.0 M, find [OH-]

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 Example #2 (cont.)

Given [H+] = 10.0 M = 1.00 x 101 M

Kw = 1.0 x 10-14

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 Self check p 497

• Calculate [H+] in a solution in which [OH-] =

• 2.0X 10-2 M. Is this solution acidic, neutral or
basic?

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 pH & pOH

• The acidity/basicity of a solution is often

expressed as pH or pOH.

• pH = -log[H3O+] pOH = -log[OH-]

– pHwater = -log[10-7] = 7 = pOHwater

• [H+] = 10-pH [OH-] = 10-pOH

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 pH scales

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 pH & pOH (cont.)

• pH < 7 is acidic; pH > 7 is basic, pH = 7 is neutral

• The lower the pH, the more acidic the solution; the
higher the pH, the more basic the solution

• 1 pH unit corresponds to a factor of 10 difference

in acidity

• pOH = 14 - pH

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 pH of Common Substances

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 Example #3

Calculate the pH of a solution with a

[OH-] = 1.0 x 10-6 M

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 Example #3 (cont.)

• Find the concentration of [H+]

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 Example #3 (cont.)

• Enter the [H+] concentration into your

calculator and press the log key
– log(1.0 x 10-8) = -8.0
• Change the sign to get the pH
– pH = -(-8.0) = 8.0

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 Example #4

Calculate the pH and pOH of a solution with a

[OH-] = 1.0 x 10-3 M
• Enter the [H+] or [OH-] concentration into your
calculator and press the log key
log(1.0 x 10-3) = -3.0
• Change the sign to get the pOH
pOH = -(-3) = 3.0
• Subtract the calculated pH or pOH from 14.00
to get the other value
pH = 14.00 – 3.0 = 11.0
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 Solving concentration from pH or pOH

Calculate the [OH-] of a solution with a pH of 7.41

• If you want to calculate [OH-] use pOH; if you
want [H+] use pH. It may be necessary to convert
one to the other using 14 = [H+] + [OH-]
pOH = 14.00 – 7.41 = 6.59

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 Example #5 (cont.)

• Enter the pH or pOH concentration into

your calculator
• Change the sign of the pH or pOH
-pOH = -(6.59)
• Press the button(s) on you calculator to take
the inverse log or 10x
[OH-] = 10-6.59 = 2.6 x 10-7 M

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 Self check p 499

• Calculate the pH value for each of the

following solutions at 25°C.
• A. a solution in which [H+] =1.0 X 10-9M.
• B. a solution in which [OH-] =1.0 X 10-6M.
• P501- A sample of rain in an area with severe
air pollution has a pH of 3.5. What is the pOH
of this rainwater?

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 Calculating the pH of a
Strong, Monoprotic Acid

• A strong acid will dissociate 100%

HA  H+ + A-
• Therefore the molarity of H+ ions will be the
same as the molarity of the acid
• Once the H+ molarity is determined, the pH
can be determined
pH = -log[H+]

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 Example #6

Calculate the pH of a 0.10 M HNO3 solution.

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 Example #6 (cont.)

• Determine the [H+] from the acid concentration

HNO3  H+ + NO3-
0.10 M HNO3 = 0.10 M H+
• Enter the [H+] concentration into your calculator
and press the log key
log(0.10) = -1.00
• Change the sign to get the pH
pH = -(-1.00) = 1.00

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 Self check p503

• The pH of rainwater in a polluted area was

measured to be 3.5. What is the [H+] in this
rainwater?
• The pOH of a liquid drain cleaner was found
to be 10.50. What is the [OH-] for this
cleaner?
• P505- Calculate the pH of a solution of 5.0 X
10-3 M HCl.

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 Buffered Solutions

• Buffered solutions resist change in pH when

an acid or base is added to it.

• Used when need to maintain a certain pH in

the system
– Blood

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 Buffered Solutions (cont.)

• A buffer solution contains a weak acid and

its conjugate base.
• Buffers work by reacting with added H+ or OH-
ions so they do not accumulate and change the
pH.

• Buffers will only work as long as there are

sufficient weak acid and conjugate base
molecules present.

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 Buffered Solutions (cont.)

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