FIRE

HAZARDS
Group 6
Acedo
Alqueza
Lopez 
Piala 
Repunte
OBJECTIVES:
To provide an overview of
01 common types and causes of
fire hazards and how they can
arise in various workplace
settings.
To provide a detailed explanation of
03 the potential health effects of
exposure to fire hazards in the
workplace, and to increase
awareness of the imposed risks.
To highlight industries and
occupations that are at higher risk of
02 exposure to fire hazards and explain
why.
To explain the different control
measures that can be used to
04 minimize the risks of fire hazards in
the workplace, and to identify the
most effective measures for specific
types of fire hazards.
INTRODUCTION
 What is fire Hazard?

Definition:
Fire hazards refer to any potential
source of fire that could cause harm or
damage to people, property, or the
environment.
Importance of identifying and
addressing fire hazards:
• Fire hazards can cause serious
injuries, fatalities, and property
damage.

• By identifying and addressing fire

hazards, we can prevent fires from
occurring and ensure the safety of
workers and the public.
 Types and Causes of Fire Hazards

1. Electrical hazards 6. Arson

2. Flammable gases 7. Outdoor Fire

3. Flammable liquids 8. Machinery

      4. Combustible dust 9. Chemical Fires
         5. Human error 10. Cooking Fires
Reporter: Kurt Yves Acedo

Electrical hazards
Examples:
1. Overloaded circuits: If too many appliances or devices are plugged into a single outlet, the circuit can overload and cause
an electrical fire. 

2. Frayed wires or damaged cords: Worn or damaged electrical cords can create a fire hazard by exposing wires or causing a
short circuit.

3. Improperly installed electrical systems: Faulty wiring or poorly installed electrical systems can increase the risk of electrical
fires. 

4. Malfunctioning electrical equipment: Electrical equipment that is not properly maintained or repaired can overheat and cause
a fire. 

5. Lightning strikes: Lightning can cause electrical surges that can damage electrical systems and start fires.

6. Power lines: Contact with power lines can cause electrocution and also start fires. 

7. Improper use of electrical appliances: Misuse of electrical appliances such as leaving appliances on for too long or using
them near water can cause electrical fires. 

8. Improper storage of flammable materials: Flammable materials such as gasoline or chemicals stored near electrical
equipment or outlets can increase the risk of fires.
 Occupational Exposures
Electrical hazards are common in many occupations that involve the use of
electricity. Workers in industries such as construction, manufacturing, and
utilities are at a higher risk of occupational exposure to electrical hazards.
Some common occupational exposures to electrical hazards include: 
1. Electrical Shock: Electrical shock occurs when a person comes into contact
with a live electrical current. Workers who work with electrical equipment or are
exposed to electrical wires or circuits are at risk of electrical shock.

2.    Burns: Burns can occur when a worker comes into contact with hot electrical
equipment or a high-voltage electrical current. 

3.    Explosions: Explosions can occur when electrical equipment malfunctions or

when electrical currents ignite flammable materials. 

4.    Electrocution: Electrocution occurs when a person is exposed to a lethal amount

of electrical current. This can happen when a worker touches live electrical wires or
circuits without proper protection. 

5.    Falls: Falls can occur when a worker is electrocuted and falls from a height, such
as a ladder or scaffold.
 Health Effects

Electrical shock
Burns from contact with live parts
 Control Measures
Substitution: This involves replacing hazardous electrical equipment or components with less hazardous
alternatives. For example, using low-voltage equipment instead of high-voltage equipment, or replacing old wiring
with new, insulated wiring.

Engineering controls: These are physical modifications made to the workplace or equipment to reduce the risk of
electrical hazards. Examples include the installation of ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), electrical
insulation, or using automated systems to control electricity flow.

Work practices and administrative controls: These measures involve changing the way work is done or
implementing policies and procedures to reduce the risk of electrical hazards. Examples include establishing
lockout/tagout procedures for equipment maintenance, requiring regular inspections and maintenance of electrical
equipment, and implementing training programs for workers on electrical safety practices.

Personal protective equipment (PPE): This is the last line of defense against electrical hazards, and is used to
protect workers from potential electrical hazards. Examples of PPE include insulating gloves, rubber-soled shoes,
and face shields.
Reporter: Kurt Yves Acedo

Flammable gases
Examples:
There are several examples of flammable gases that pose fire hazards. Here are some common ones:

1. Propane: Propane is a commonly used fuel for heating and cooking, but it is also highly flammable
and can pose a fire hazard if not handled properly.

2. Butane: Butane is often used as a fuel for lighters and portable stoves. It is also highly flammable
and can be a fire hazard if it is not used or stored correctly.

3. Methane: Methane is a natural gas that is used as a fuel for heating and cooking. It is also highly
flammable and can pose a fire hazard if it leaks or is not handled properly.

4. Acetylene: Acetylene is a gas that is used for welding and cutting metals. It is highly flammable
and can be explosive if it is not handled properly.

5. Hydrogen: Hydrogen is a gas that is used in fuel cells and as a fuel for rockets. It is also highly
flammable and can be explosive if it is not handled properly.

It is important to take appropriate safety measures when handling and storing flammable gases to
minimize the risk of fire hazards.
Occupational exposures
- can pose significant fire hazards in various industries. Here are some examples of
occupational exposures of flammable gases and the associated fire hazards:

1. Welding and Cutting Operations: Welding and cutting operations involve the
use of acetylene and other flammable gases, which can create sparks and lead to fire
hazards if not handled properly.

2. Petroleum Refining and Chemical Processing: These industries involve the

handling of highly flammable gases such as propane, butane, and methane. Any leak
or accidental release of these gases can create a hazardous situation leading to fires
and explosions.

3. Laboratories: Laboratories that use flammable gases, such as hydrogen and

methane, for research and analytical purposes can pose fire hazards if not properly
ventilated and monitored for leaks.

4. Construction Sites: Construction sites may use propane or other flammable gases
for heating or other purposes. Any mishandling of these gases can lead to explosions
or fires, causing injury or death.
5. Transportation of Flammable Gases: The transportation of flammable gases, such as propane and
butane, via tankers and pipelines can pose significant fire hazards if proper safety measures are not
taken.
Health effects
 Health Effects

Shortness of breath Hoarseness or noisy

Coughing Changes in mental status
breathing

Headache Eye irritation

 Control Measures
Administrative Control:
Elimination:
• Store in the proper and safe storing •Routine maintenance and inspection schedule for safe
area the quick-burning, flammable functioning of the equipment.
materials in designated to avoid •Maintaining the 5'S in Housekeeping in the workplace
the possible cause of fire. before living the work facilities..
•Installing a fire alarm device and smoke detector to
prevent and alert the workers in any cause of
situation of fire..
Substitution:
• Store quick-burning, flammable materials in
designated locations away from ignition sources.
• Keep passageways and fire doors free of
obstructions. Stairwell doors should be kept
closed. Do not store items in stairwells.

Engineering Controls:
•Installation of HVAC System
•Fire Extinguishers
•Smoke Detectors
•Sprinklers
•Fire Alarms
•Fire containment and isolation
PPE:
• Flame-resistant clothing.
(Flame-resistant clothing made from materials such as
Nomex or Kevlar can help protect against fire and heat.)
• Respiratory protection.
(In some cases, workers may need to wear respiratory
protection to protect against inhaling hazardous gases
or vapors)
• Eye and face protection.
(Safety goggles or a face shield can help protect the
eyes and face from heat, flames, and flying debris.)
• Gloves.
(Depending on the specific hazards present, gloves
made from materials such as neoprene, nitrile, or PVC
may be needed to protect the hands from heat or
chemical exposure)
Reporter: Carl Adrienne Lopez

Flammable liquids
 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS
are liquids with a flash point below 100 degrees Fahrenheit (37.8 degrees Celsius) and a vapor
pressure not exceeding 40 pounds per square inch (psig) at 100 degrees Fahrenheit. Flammable
liquids can easily ignite and burn, making them a significant fire hazard in the workplace and other
settings.

Examples: 
Gasoline, diesel fuel, thinners, cleaners, adhesives, paints, and polishes
Occupational exposure:
Occupational exposures to flammable
liquids can occur in a variety of
industries, including automotive repair,
painting, printing facilities, and chemical
manufacturing. 
Health Effects
Flammable liquids can ignite and cause fires or
explosions, leading to serious injuries or fatalities.
Workers may inhale vapors from flammable liquids,
which can cause respiratory problems, including
irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, dizziness, and
headaches.

Engineering Controls:
Engineering controls such
as ventilation systems and
explosion-proof electrical
equipment should be used
to control the release of
flammable vapors and
to prevent ignition sources.
Control Measures
Administrative Controls:
The company should
train their employees about
safe work practices,
including proper
handling, storage, and use
of flammable liquids should
be established and followed
to prevent spills and other
accidents. Workers should
also be trained on these
safe work practices.
PPE:
Personal protective
equipment such as safety
goggles, gloves, and flame-
resistant clothing should be
used to protect workers
from hazards associated
with flammable liquids.
Reporter: Carl Adrienne Lopez

Combustible Dust
 Combustible Dusts
Are defined as solid materials composed of distinct particles or pieces, regardless of size,
shape, or chemical composition, which present a fire or deflagration hazard when. suspended in air
or some other oxidizing medium.

Examples: food, agricultural products, metal, wood, textiles, plastics, chemicals, coal, and other
carbonaceous materials
Occupational exposure:
Occupational exposures to combustible dust can
occur in a variety of
industries, including manufacturing, woodworking,
metalworking, pharmaceuticals, and
food processing
Health Effects
Combustible dust can ignite and cause fires or
explosions, leading to serious
injuries or fatalities. Workers may inhale
combustible dust, which can cause
respiratory problems, including bronchitis, asthma,
and lung damage.

Engineering Controls:
The most effective way to
control combustible dust is
to prevent it
from accumulating in the
workplace. This can be
achieved through the use
of dust collection
systems, such as exhaust
ventilation or dust
collectors, that capture dust
before it has a chance to
accumulate.
Control Measures
Administrative Controls:
The company should implement
regular housekeeping/regular
cleaning to prevent the build-up
of combustible dust. This
includes cleaning surfaces,
equipment, and work areas
where dust may accumulate.
Regular maintenance of
equipment that generates or
handles combustible dust, such
as dust collectors or grinding
equipment.
PPE:
Personal protective equipment
(PPE) is an essential
component of a comprehensive
safety program when working
with or around combustible
dusts. It's important to note that
PPE should be used as a last
line of defense against
combustible dusts. Other
measures such as engineering
controls, administrative
controls, and work practices
should be implemented first to
eliminate or reduce the risk of
combustible dust explosions or
fires.
Occupational exposures
Occupational exposures to combustible dust can occur in a variety of industries, including
manufacturing, woodworking, metalworking, pharmaceuticals, and food processing

Health effects
Combustible dust can ignite and cause fires or explosions, leading to serious injuries or fatalities.
Workers may inhale combustible dust, which can cause respiratory problems, including bronchitis,
asthma, and lung damage. Inhaling combustible dust can also cause explosions and fires.

Control Measures
Engineering control- The most effective way to control combustible dust is to prevent it from
accumulating in the workplace. This can be achieved through the use of dust collection systems,
such as exhaust ventilation or dust collectors, that capture dust before it has a chance to
accumulate.

Administrative control- the company should implement regular housekeeping/regular cleaning to

prevent the build-up of combustible dust. This includes cleaning surfaces, equipment, and work
areas where dust may accumulate. Regular maintenance of equipment that generates or handles
combustible dust, such as dust collectors or grinding equipment.

PPE
PPE should be used in conjunction with other control measures to provide workers with additional
protection. 
Reporter: Jessray G. Repunte

Human Error
 Human error as a fire hazard refers to the unintentional or accidental actions or
omissions of people that can cause or contribute to fires.

Examples:
1. Leaving an equipment, machine and appliances 
unattended
Leaving equipment, machine, and appliances unattended
means leaving them operating or in use without anyone
present to monitor them or intervene in case of a
malfunction, or emergency.
2. Improper disposal and storage of flammable materials

Throwing and storing flammable materials, such as

chemicals or gasoline, near a heat source, or in areas
with poor ventilation, can cause a fire to ignite.
Occupational exposure:
Manufacturing Facilities:
• Injection molding machines
• Industrial ovens
• Powder coating equipment
Restaurants and food service
establishments:
• Cooking equipment
Office work:
• Electrical equipment
Occupational exposure:
Chemical plant workers:
• solvents, fuels, and gases

Janitors and maintenance

workers:
• Cleaning solvents and chemicals
• Waste materials (rags, paper
towels, and oily or greasy waste)

Oil and gas production workers:

• crude oil, natural gas,
and petroleum products
 Health Effects

Burns Electrical shocks Anxiety and stress

 Health Effects

Chemical Burns Headaches & dizziness Melanoma 

Dermatitis Emphysema
 Control Measures
Elimination: Engineering Controls:
• Distractions • Fire suppression
• Lack of Communication systems
• Neglect • Automatic shut-off
• Flammable systems
and hazardous materials • Using explosion/fire-
PPE: proof containers
• Fire/chemical-resistant or cabinets
clothing, gloves and
Substitution: shoes. Administrative Controls:
• Smart technology • Fire helmets • Training and education
• Remote monitoring • Respirators • Signage
• Switching to non- • Standard operating
flammable or procedures
less hazardous materials
if possible
Reporter: Jessray G. Repunte

Arson
 Arson is the intentional act of setting fires with the purpose of causing
property damage, injury, or loss of life.

Examples:
1. Terrorism
A terrorist organization may set fire to a factory as an act
of political or social terrorism

2. Sabotage
A disgruntled employee may intentionally set fire to a
factory as an act of sabotage or revenge

3. Pyromania
An employee or outsider with pyromania may intentionally
set fire to a factory due to their obsession with fire
Occupational exposure:
Industrial workers:
Workers in industrial settings, such
as factories or warehouses, may be
at risk of arson attacks or intentional
fires due to the potential for
property damage or theft.

Firefighters:
Firefighters are at risk of being
targeted by arsonists who may set
fires with the intention of harming
or attacking emergency responders.
 Health Effects

Burns Carbon monoxide poison Emphysema

 Control Measures
Substitution: Administrative Controls:
• Switching to non- • Training and education
flammable or • Standard operating
less hazardous procedures
materials • Regular inspections and
if possible maintenance

Engineering Controls: PPE:

• Fire suppression systems • Fire/chemical-resistant
• Using explosion/fire-proof clothing, gloves and
containers or cabinets shoes.
• Installing smoke detectors • Fire helmets
• Respirators
Reporter: Marcelo A. Alqueza

OUTDOOR FIRE

• An outdoor fire is a fire that's

intentionally lit or contained outside,
such as a campfire, bonfire or fire
pit. 
• These fires are often used for
recreational or practical purposes,
but they can (be a hazard) also be
dangerous if not handled carefully
OUTDOOR FIRE

• These hazards can include wildfires,

uncontrolled brush fires, and even backyard
fires that get out of control

• It also cause Property damage since it can

quickly spread and cause damage to nearby
homes, vehicles, and other property.

• Outdoor fires can also be a danger to

wildlife, including animals that are native to
the area.
OUTDOOR FIRE
Occupational Exposure
Fire Fighters and Forest
Rangers

Fighting fires outdoors can expose • Smoke Inhalation 

both firefighters and forest rangers • Heat Stress
to high temperatures and humidity
levels, which can lead to heat • Chemical Exposure
exhaustion, heat stroke, and other
• Physical Injuries
heat-related illnesses.
• Psychological Stress
 HEALTH EFFECTS

POSITIVE 
HEALTH EFFECTS

• Promoting social connections

• Providing warmth

• promote healthy eating and

socialization.
 HEALTH EFFECTS

Negative
HEALTH EFFECTS

• Respiratory problems

• Cardiovascular problems

• Eye and skin irritation

• Air pollution

• Risk of burns and injuries

 HEALTH EFFECTS

Negative
HEALTH EFFECTS

• Respiratory problems

• Cardiovascular problems

• Eye and skin irritation

• Air pollution

• Risk of burns and injuries

 CONTROL MEASURES

Elimination:
• Clearing debris: Make sure the area around the fire is clear of any flammable material,
such as dry leaves, twigs, or branches. 
• Extinguishing the fire completely: When you are done with the fire, make sure
to completely extinguish it with water or sand. Never leave a fire unattended or
still smoldering.

Engineering Controls:
• Building a fire pit: A fire pit helps to contain the fire and prevents it from spreading.
The pit should be surrounded by a non-flammable material like rocks or bricks.
 CONTROL MEASURES

• Controlling the size of the fire: Make sure the fire is not too big and that it can be
easily controlled. Keep the flames low and use small pieces of wood or kindling. 
• Having a water source nearby: Always have a water source, such as a hose or bucket
of water, nearby in case the fire starts to spread. 
Administrative Controls:
• Checking local fire regulations: Make sure to check with your local fire department or
authorities for any regulations or restrictions on outdoor fires. Remember, prevention is
the best measure against outdoor fires. Always be cautious and responsible when
dealing with fire outdoors.
PPE:
• Fire/chemical-resistant clothing, gloves and shoes.
Reporter: Marcelo A. Alqueza

MACHINERY

Machinery can be a significant fire hazard in the workplace

Factors that contribute to the fire hazards associated with machinery:

Heat generation: If the heat is not adequately dissipated or if flammable materials are present nearby, this can lead to a
fire.

Electrical faults: Faulty wiring or components, damaged insulation, and overloading can all lead to electrical fires.

Combustible materials: If combustible and flammable materials, such as oil, lubricants, or sawdust  are not properly
stored or removed from the area, they can contribute to a fire.

Sparks: grinders, saws, or welding equipment, generate sparks during operation. If these sparks come into contact with
flammable materials, they can ignite a fire.
 Occupational Exposure

Machinists: Machinists operate machinery such as lathes,

grinders, and milling machines, which generate heat and
sparks that can ignite a fire. 

Welders: Welders work with welding equipment that

generates high heat and sparks, which can easily ignite
flammable materials. 

Electricians: Electricians work with electrical equipment,

which can be a source of electrical fires if not properly
installed or maintained. 
 Occupational Exposure

Mechanics: Mechanics work with vehicles and heavy

equipment that generate heat and sparks, which can
cause fires if there is a fuel leak or a spark ignites
combustible materials. 

Maintenance workers: Maintenance workers may work

on a variety of machinery and equipment, which can pose
fire hazards if not properly maintained. 

Factory workers: Factory workers who work in

manufacturing or assembly processes may operate
machinery that generates heat or sparks, or be exposed
to flammable materials such as solvents, paints, or
plastics.
 Occupational Exposure

Mechanics: Mechanics work with vehicles and heavy equipment that generate
heat and sparks, which can cause fires if there is a fuel leak or a spark ignites
combustible materials. 

Maintenance workers: Maintenance workers may work on a variety of machinery

and equipment, which can pose fire hazards if not properly maintained. 

Factory workers: Factory workers who work in manufacturing or assembly

processes may operate machinery that generates heat or sparks, or be exposed to
flammable materials such as solvents, paints, or plastics.
 HEALTH
EFFECTS

Respiratory problems: Exposure to smoke, fumes, and other airborne

pollutants generated by a machinery fire can lead to respiratory problems
such as coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing. 

Burns: Machinery fires can cause thermal burns to the skin, which can range
from minor to severe, depending on the extent of the exposure. 

Chemical exposure: Machinery fires can release toxic chemicals, such as

carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, or sulfur dioxide, which can cause a
range of health problems, including respiratory distress, headaches,
dizziness, and nausea. 
 HEALTH
EFFECTS

Psychological effects: The trauma of experiencing a machinery fire or

witnessing its aftermath can lead to psychological effects such as anxiety,
depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). 

Long-term health effects: Exposure to machinery fire hazards can also have
long-term health effects, such as chronic respiratory problems or an
increased risk of certain cancers, depending on the extent of the exposure.
CONTROL MEASURES

Engineering Controls:
• Install fire detection and suppression systems
in areas where machinery is used

PPE:
• Provide personal protective equipment, such
as flame-resistant clothing, for workers who
are at risk of exposure to machinery fires. 
 CONTROL MEASURES

Administrative Controls:
• Conduct regular inspections of all machinery to ensure they are in good working
order and free of any potential fire hazards such as overheating or sparks. 

• Establish proper procedures for machine operation and maintenance

• Train all workers on the proper use and handling of machinery

• Develop an emergency response plan that includes procedures for evacuating

workers and containing fires.
Reporter: Jasper Piala

Chemical
Fires
 Chemical Fires
A chemical fire is a type of fire that involves flammable
chemicals, such as fuels, solvents, and gases, which can
ignite and burn at high temperatures. These fires can be
very dangerous, as they often burn hotter and faster than
other types of fires and can release toxic fumes or gases
that can cause harm to people and the environment.

Examples:
• Flammable Fluids
• Flammable Gases 
• Oxidizers
• Reactive chemicals
 Occupational Exposure
Field of Chemistry
• Many chemicals used in laboratories, such as solvents,
acids, and oxidizers, can pose a significant fire risk if
they are not handled properly.
Contruction Sites
• Construction workers may also be exposed to chemical
fire hazards if they are working with flammable
materials, such as paints, solvents, and adhesives.
Manufacturing Plants
• Many manufacturing plants use flammable chemicals,
such as fuels, solvents, and gases, as part of their
production processes. These chemicals can pose a fire
hazard if they are not stored and handled properly. 
 Health Effects
• Respiratory problems

• Skin burn

• Eye irritation

• Long-term health effects

• Death
 Control Measures
To prevent chemical fires:

• Workers must follow strict safety protocols, such as using appropriate protective
equipment, maintaining equipment properly, and properly storing chemicals.
• Workers must also be trained and well-educated in hazardous materials
response, so they can safely and effectively contain and extinguish chemical fires.
• One of the most important control measures for chemical fires is proper
storage and handling of chemicals.
• Fire suppression systems, such as sprinklers or foam suppression systems, can
also be effective in controlling chemical fires.
• Establishing and practicing evacuation plans is crucial in the event of a chemical
fire.
Reporter: Jasper Piala

Cooking
Fires
 Cooking Fires
Cooking fires are a common type of fire
hazard that can occur in homes and
commercial kitchens. Cooking fires can
start when cooking materials such as oil,
grease, and food debris are left unattended
on a stove or in an oven, or when cooking
equipment malfunctions.

Examples:
• Electrical malfunctions
• Unattended cooking
• Combustible materials
 Occupational Exposure
Restaurant Workers
• Employees who work in restaurants, cafeterias, and
other food service establishments may be at risk of
exposure to cooking fires. They may be required to cook
with oil and other flammable materials, which can
increase the risk of fires. In addition, workers may be
exposed to toxic fumes and smoke from burning food
and other cooking materials.
Building Inspectors 
• Building inspectors may be exposed to cooking fires
during their inspections of residential and commercial
buildings. They may be required to check for fire
hazards in kitchens and other areas where cooking is
done and may be exposed to toxic fumes and smoke
from burning cooking materials. 
 Health Effects
• Respiratory failure

• Burns

• Carbon monoxide poisoning

• Psychological trauma

• Death
 Control Measures
To prevent Cooking fires:

• Workers must follow strict safety protocols, such as using appropriate protective
equipment, like hairnets, gloves, etc.
• Installing automatic fire suppression systems, such as sprinklers or foam
suppression systems.
• Providing training to employees who work in kitchens and other areas where
cooking is done can help them recognize fire hazards and respond appropriately
to prevent fires.
• Following proper cooking techniques can help prevent cooking fires. Regular
maintenance and inspections of cooking equipment.
.
"An ounce of prevention is
worth a pound of cure."
- Benjamin Franklin
Fin...