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Presentation 05 Human Digestion
Presentation 05 Human Digestion
Presentation 05 Human Digestion
digestion
Human digestive system
(General plan)
Accessory
digestive organs
DIGESTIVE PROCESS
The GI tract is a “disassembly” line:
– Nutrients become more available to the body in each
step
There are six essential activities:
– 1) Ingestion, 2) propulsion, and 3) mechanical digestion
– 4) Chemical digestion, 5) absorption, and 6) defecation
Gastrointestinal Tract Activities
1) Ingestion – taking food into the digestive tract
2) Propulsion – swallowing and peristalsis
– Peristalsis – waves of contraction and relaxation of muscles in
the organ walls
3) Mechanical digestion – chewing, mixing, and churning food
4) Chemical digestion – catabolic breakdown of food
5) Absorption – movement of nutrients from the GI tract to the blood
or lymph
6) Defecation – elimination of indigestible and unabsorbed solid wastes
Sites of digestion
Mechanical
Organ/s Carbohydrate digestion Protein Nucleic Acid Lipid
digestion
digestion digestion digestion
Oral cavity Chewing Polysaccharides Disaccharides
(starch, glycogen) (sucrose, lactose)
Esophagus Peristalsis
Pharynx Salivary amylase
Smaller polysaccharides,
maltose
Gallbladder
Stores, concentrates, and
releases bile into
duodenum
Stimulated by the
hormone cholecystokinin
(CCK)
Pancreas
• Exocrine function
• Acinar cells secrete
pancreatic juice
– Amylase
– Lipase
– Trypsin
– Chymotrypsin
– Carboxypeptidase
– Nuclease
– NaHCO3
• Secretin and
cholecystokinin (CCK) fr
intestinal wall stimulates PJ
production
Histology of the Alimentary Canal
Figure 23.6
GIT physiology 2nd year Lab &
05/09/23 Nutrition 32
GIT physiology 2nd year Lab &
05/09/23 Nutrition 33
Absorption in the small intestine
Reabsorption and elimination
in the large intestine
• Areas of the colon
• cecum
• rectum
• anus
• Absorption of water
and electrolytes
• Concentration &
elimination of solids
• Home for bacteria
• folic acid
• vitamin K
• several B-vitamins
• gases
Large Intestine
• Cecum
– Blind sac, vermiform appendix attached
• Colon
– Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
• Rectum
– Straight muscular tube
• Anal canal
– Internal anal sphincter (smooth muscle)
– External anal sphincter (skeletal muscle)
– Hemorrhoids: Vein enlargement or inflammation
Secretions of Large Intestine