NON-

PARAMETRIC
TESTS

SPEARMAN'S RHO

MANN-WHITNEY U

K R U S K A L WA L L I S
NON-
PARAMETRIC
TESTS

(Assumption-
freer Test)
SPEARMAN'S
RHO

The Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (rs) is a method of

testing the strength and direction (positive or negative) of the

correlation (relationship or connection) between two variables. 

SPEARMAN'S
RHO

ASSUMPTIONS
1. Your two variables should be measured on
an ordinal, interval or ratio scale.
2. Your two variables represent paired observations. 
3. There is a monotonic relationship between the two
variables. 
SPEARMAN'S
RHO

1. Rank the scores

2. Work out the difference between rank A and rank B

3. Square the differences to  get d squared 

4. Apply the formula
5. Compare with critical value
SPEARMAN'S A researcher wanted to study the relationship between how people rated
RHO their levels of aggression versus how their friends rated people's
aggression. The data is given below:
SPEARMAN'S A researcher wanted to study the relationship between how people rated
RHO their levels of aggression versus how their friends rated people's
aggression. The data is given below:
SPEARMAN'S A researcher wanted to study the relationship between how people rated
RHO their levels of aggression versus how their friends rated people's
aggression. The data is given below:
SPEARMAN'S A researcher wanted to study the relationship between how people rated
RHO their levels of aggression versus how their friends rated people's
aggression. The data is given below:
SPEARMAN'S A researcher wanted to study the relationship between how people rated
RHO their levels of aggression versus how their friends rated people's
aggression. The data is given below:
SPEARMAN'S In a recent study by Lu et al (2017) it was suggested that the number
countries you have visited, the less precise your moral compass
RHO becomes, e.g. the more you are likely to cheat on a test. They suggest
that exposure to a variety of moral codes means people start to view
morality as relative rather than absolute leading to more lax following
of rules for example. Imagine the table contains some of their data:

Practice
SPEARMAN'S
RHO

Practice

r=0.851
SPEARMAN'S In a recent study by Lu et al (2017) it was suggested that the number
countries you have visited, the less precise your moral compass
RHO becomes, e.g. the more you are likely to cheat on a test. They suggest
that exposure to a variety of moral codes means people start to view
morality as relative rather than absolute leading to more lax following
of rules for example. Imagine the table contains some of their data:

Practice in
PSPP

B S
TA
r=0.851 SS
O
CR
MANN-
WHITNEY U

A RANK-ORDER TEST OF A DIFFERENCE

BETWEEN TWO INDEPENDENT GROUPS
MANN-
WHITNEY U

The null hypothesis is that the two samples come from

populations with the same distribution or same median.

We may use this test when sample sizes are smaller (or greater)

than 10 
MANN- 1. You have one dependent variable that is measured at
the continuous or ordinal level. 
WHITNEY U 2. You have one independent variable that consists
of two categorical, independent groups 
3.  You should have independence of observations,
which means that there is no relationship between the
observations in each group of the independent
variable or between the groups themselves. 
ASSUMPTIONS 4. You must determine whether the distribution of scores
for both groups of your independent variable have
the same shape or a different shape. 
If the two distributions have a different shape, the Mann-Whitney U test is used to determine whether
there are differences in the distributions of your two groups. However, if the two distributions are
the same shape, the Mann-Whitney U test is used to determine whether there are differences in
the medians of your two groups. 
MANN-
WHITNEY U
MANN- Step 1: Label the two groups X and Y; if one group
WHITNEY U contains fewer cases than the other, it must be labeled X. 

Step 2: Combine all the scores into one distribution of nX +

nY cases. Then assign the rank of 1 to the lowest score, 2
to the next lowest, and so on, until all scores are ranked. 

Step 3: Find ΣRX, the sum of the ranks of all scores in the
X distribution (larger ranks)

Step 4: Calculate UX as follows:

MANN- Market research at a local shopping centre was carried out,
WHITNEY U with the participants being shown adverts for two rival
brands of coffee, which they then rated on the overall
likelihood of them buying the product (out of 10, with 10
being "definitely going to buy the product").   Half of the
participants gave ratings for one of the products, the other
half gave ratings for the other product.   
MANN- Market research at a local shopping centre was carried out,
WHITNEY U with the participants being shown adverts for two rival
brands of coffee, which they then rated on the overall
likelihood of them buying the product (out of 10, with 10
being "definitely going to buy the product").   Half of the
participants gave ratings for one of the products, the other
half gave ratings for the other product.   
MANN- STEP TWO: Add up the ranks for Brand X, to get T1
WHITNEY U Therefore, T1 = 3 + 4 + 1.5 + 7.5 + 1.5 + 5.5 = 23

STEP THREE: Add up the ranks for Brand Y, to get T2

Therefore, T2 = 11 + 9 + 5.5 + 12 + 7.5 + 10 = 55

STEP FOUR: Rx = 55
MANN- To be significant, our obtained U has to be equal to or
LESS than this critical value. 
WHITNEY U
Our obtained U = 2
The critical value for a two tailed test at .05 significance
level = 5 

We can say that there is a highly significant difference

(p<.01) between the ratings given to each brand in terms of
the likelihood of buying the product. 
    
    
MANN- Researchers have asked several smokers how many
WHITNEY U cigarettes they had smoked in the previous day. Here
are the data.

PRACTICE
The distribution that these data are drawn from is not
normal. Is there a difference between number of
cigarettes smoked per day between the sexes?
MANN- Researchers have asked several smokers how many
cigarettes they had smoked in the previous day. Here
WHITNEY U are the data.

PRACTICE
The distribution that these data are drawn from is not
normal. Is there a difference between number of
cigarettes smoked per day between the sexes?
U= 6, U' = 18. U.05(2),4,6 = 22, so we reject H0: Women
smoke the same number of cigarettes as men
KRUSKAL
WALLIS TEST

A RANK-ORDER TEST OF A DIFFERENCE

AMONG THREE OR MORE INDEPENDENT
GROUPS
KRUSKAL  1. You have one dependent variable that is measured at
the continuous or ordinal level. 
WALLIS TEST 2. You have one independent variable that consists
of three or more categorical, independent groups 
3.  You should have independence of observations,
which means that there is no relationship between the
observations in each group of the independent
ASSUMPTIONS variable or between the groups themselves. 
4. You must determine whether the distribution of scores
for both groups of your independent variable have
the same shape. 
If the distributions have a different shape, the Kruskal-Wallis test is used to determine whether there are
differences in the ranks. However, if the distributions are the same shape, the  test is used to determine
whether there are differences in the medians of your groups. 
KRUSKAL 
WALLIS TEST

FORMULA
When H0 is true, the sampling distribution of H
approximates the chi-square distribution. 

We compare our Hcalc with the critical values of 𝜒2 in

Table for df = k − 1, where k is the number of groups.
KRUSKAL  With the following data on ml of potassium in brands of
drink, determine if there is a significant difference in the
WALLIS TEST potassium content between brands.

QUESTION
KRUSKAL  With the following data on ml of potassium in brands of
drink, determine if there is a significant difference in the
WALLIS TEST potassium content between brands.

QUESTION
KRUSKAL  With the following data on ml of potassium in brands of
drink, determine if there is a significant difference in the
WALLIS TEST potassium content between brands.

QUESTION
KRUSKAL  With the following data on ml of potassium in brands of
drink, determine if there is a significant difference in the
WALLIS TEST potassium content between brands.

QUESTION
KRUSKAL  Kruskal-wallis test for the following data

WALLIS TEST 8,5,7,11,9,6

10,12,11,9,13,12

11,14,10,16,17,12
PRACTICE
QUESTION 18,20,16,15,14,22

Significance Level α=0.05 and One-tailed test

KRUSKAL 
WALLIS TEST

PRACTICE
QUESTION