Chapter 2:

Matter and Change

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Section 2.1 Properties of Matter

 Objectives:
 Identify properties of matter as extensive
or intensive
 Define physical property, and list several
common physical properties of substances
 Differentiate among three states of
matter
 Describe a physical change

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Matter
 Matter is anything that has mass and takes
up space

 Mass
 Measure of the amount of “stuff”
(or material) the object contains
 Don’t not confuse mass with weight

 Volume
 Measure of the space occupied by the object

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Describing Matter
 Understanding matter begins with observations…
 What you observe when you look at a sample of matter is
its properties
 Properties are words that describe matter (adjectives)

 Substance
 Matter that has a uniform and definite composition

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Describing Matter
 Properties used to describe matter can
be classified as:
1)Extensive – depends on the amount of
matter in the sample
-Examples: Mass, volume, calories

2)Intensive – depends on the type of matter,

not the amount present
- Examples: Hardness, density, boiling
point
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Describing Matter
 Properties of matter can also be classified
as:
1. Physical properties – a property that can be
observed and measured without changing the
materials composition
 Examples: color, hardness, melting point,
boiling point

2. Chemical properties – a property that can only

be observed by changing the composition of
the material
 Examples: ability to burn, decompose,
ferment, react with other substances
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 Look at the pictures at the

States of Matter
bottom of your notes page:
Shape?
Volume?
Three Main Phases “closeness” of molecules?

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States of Matter Look at the pictures at the
bottom of your notes page:

 There are 3 states of matter Shape?

 Solid Volume?
 Has a definite shape and volume “closeness” of molecules?
 Particles are packed tightly together
 Liquid
 Has indefinite shape, takes shape of container, has definite
volume
 Particles are close together but are free to flow past one
another
 Gas
 Takes both shape and volume of container
 Particles are far apart and can move freely
 Vapor – a substance that is currently a gas, but normally is
a liquid at room temperature
(water gas? or water vapor?)

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States of Matter
Three phases of matter

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Physical versus Chemical Change
 Physical Change
 Changes the appearance of the substance
without changing the composition of the
material
 Examples: boil, melt, cut, bend, split, crack
 Can be both reversible or irreversible
 Reversible changes involve a change from one state to
another (boil, melt)
 Irreversible – cutting hair, cracking an egg

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Physical versus Chemical Change
 Reversible physical changes

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Physical versus Chemical Change

 Chemical Change
A change where a new form of matter is
created
 Examples – rust, burn, decompose, ferment

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Section 2.2 Mixtures
 Objectives
 Categorize a sample of matter as a
substance or a mixture
 Distinguish between homogeneous and
heterogeneous samples of matter
 Describe two ways that components of
mixtures can be separated

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Substance versus Mixture
 Substance
 Matterthat has a uniform and definite
composition
 Mixture
A physical blend of two or more
components. Mixtures have variable
compositions

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Classifying Mixtures
 Mixtures can be classified as:
1. Heterogeneous
• The mixture is not uniform in composition
• Examples: gravel, soil, salad, chocolate chip
cookie
2. Homogeneous
 The mixture has a uniform composition
throughout
 Called solutions
 Examples: iced-tea, salt water
 Most are liquids, some gases (air), some solids
(stainless steel)

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Classifying Mixtures
 Phase?
 Theterm phase is used to describe any
part of a sample with uniform composition
and properties
 A homogeneous mixture consists of one phase
 A heterogeneous mixture consists of two or

more phases

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Classifying Mixtures

Olive oil and vinegar are homogeneous mixtures. The

substances in these mixtures are evenly distributed. When
olive oil is mixed with vinegar, they form a heterogeneous
mixture with two distinct phases

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Separating Mixtures
 Some mixtures can be easily separated
 Rocks and marbles, iron and sulfur (iron is magnetic)

 Differences in physical properties are

used to separate mixtures

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Separating Mixtures
 Filtration
 Separates a solid from a liquid in a
heterogeneous mixture by size
 Pasta in a colander
 Water in a coffee filter

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Separating Mixtures
 Distillation
A way to separate homogenous mixtures
 A liquid is boiled to produce vapor that is
then condensed into a liquid

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Separating Mixtures
 Distillation
What can you
infer about
the boiling
points of the
substances in
the original
mixture?

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Section 2.3 Elements and Compounds

 Objectives
 Explain the differences between an
element and a compound
 Distinguish between a substance and a
mixture
 Identify the chemical symbol of elements
and name elements given their symbol

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Distinguishing Elements and Compounds
 Substances
 Elements
 Simplest kind of matter
 Cannot be broken down into anything simpler
 All one kind of atom
 Compound
 Substance that contains 2 or more elements chemically
combined in a fixed proportion
 When broken down the pieces have completely different
properties than the original compound

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Distinguishing Compounds from Mixtures

Compound or Mixture?
Compound Mixture
Made of one kind Made of more than
of material one kind of material
Made by a Made by a
chemical change physical change

Definite Composition Variable Composition

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Breaking down Compounds
 Compounds can be broken down into simpler
substances by chemical means, but
elements can not
 A chemical change is a change that
produces matter with a different
composition than the original matter
 Example – sugar is composed of C, H, and O
heating sugar will break it down into carbon and
water vapor but the carbon will never be broken
down further

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Properties of Compounds
 Compounds have very different properties than their
component elements
 Due to a chemical change the resulting compound has
new and different properties
 Example – sodium chloride
sodium is a soft gray metal
chlorine is a yellow-green poisonous gas
sodium chloride is …
table salt

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Distinguishing Substances and Mixtures
 If the composition of a material is
fixed, the material is a substance
 If the composition of a material varies,
the material is a mixture
 Examples
 Premium, plus and regular gas – mixtures
 Whole, 2%, 1% and skim milk – mixtures

 Carbon dioxide –compound - always 1 carbon for every

2 oxygen

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Classifying
Matter:

Can it be
separated by
physical means?

Pure
mixture
substance

Can it be
Is the
decomposed by
composition ordinary chemical
uniform? means?

Homogeneous Heterogeneous Compounds Elements

mixtures (air, mixtures (ex: Water, (ex: gold,
sugar water, (granite, blood) NaCl, sucrose) 28
stainless steel) aluminum,oxygen)
Symbols and Formulas
 Currently there are 117 elements
 Elements have 1 or 2 letter symbols, and
compounds have formulas
 An elements first letter is always capitalized, if
there is a second letter it is written lower case
 C – Carbon
 Ca – calcium
 K – potassium
 Au- gold

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Symbols and Formulas
 Informulas, subscripts are used to indicate
relative proportions of the elements in the
compound
 Example
 H2 O This means that for every 2 Hydrogen
atoms there is 1 Oxygen atom (Water)

 C12H22O11 This means that for every 12 Carbon

atoms there are 22
Hydrogen atoms and 11 Oxygen atoms
(starch)

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Symbols and Formulas
Periodic Table of the Elements

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Section 2.4 Chemical Reactions

 Objectives
 Describe what happens during a chemical
change
 Identify four possible clues that a chemical
change has taken place
 Apply the law of conservation of mass to
chemical reactions

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 Chemical Changes
 Chemical property
 Theability of a substance to undergo a specific
chemical change is called a chemical property
 Iron plus oxygen forms rust, so the ability to rust is a
chemical property of iron
 Duringa chemical change the composition of matter
always changes
 Remember – in a physical change – substances present before
the change are the same substances present after the change
although they are no longer physically blended

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Chemical Changes
 Chemical changes are also called chemical
reactions
 During chemical reactions one or more substances
are changed into newyousubstances
Materials start with
 Reactants –Materials you end up with
 Products –
 Theproducts will have new properties different
form the reactants you started with

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Recognizing Chemical Changes
 There are 4 clues that can serve as a guide to
identify chemical changes
1. Energy – is absorbed or released (temperature
change indicates transfer of energy)
2. Color change
3. Gas production (bubbles, fizzing, odor change,
smoke)
4. Formation of a precipitate
 Precipitate – a solid that forms and separates from
solution (will not dissolve)
 Only way to be sure that a chemical change has
occurred is to test the composition of the sample
before and after the change

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Conservation of Mass
 During any chemical reaction…
 The mass of the products is always equal to the
mass of the reactants
 All of the mass can always be accounted for

 Law of Conservation of Mass

 In any physical or chemical change, mass is
conserved. Mass is neither created nor
destroyed.

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