• gíoup of cells that have a similaí stíuctuíe and

act togetheí to peífoím a specific function.

• comes fíom a foím of an old Ïíench veíb meaning “to

weave”
 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMALS

• multicellular with well-developed tissues

• usually motile; heterotrophic by ingestion; diplontic life
cycle
• classified based on the type of symmetry, number of tissue
layers, type of coelom, and presence of segmentation
MAIN ANIMAL DIVISIONS
As to presence of backbone

1.INVERTEBRATES -
without backbones

2.VERTEBRATES -
with backbones
 As to symmetry

ASYMMETRY
-without particular body
symmetry/plan
- sponges
• RADIAL SYMMETRY
-organized circularly with two
identical halves no matter how the
animal is cut longitudinally
- coelenterates, echinoderms
• BILATERAL SYMMETRY
- with definite right and left halves
-will produce two identical halves
when cut at the center of the body
-worms, mollusks, arthropods,
chordates
 As to type of body coelom

Coelom is a hollow, fluid-filled cavity found

in many living things, where it acts as a
protective cushion for their internal organs

In some animals, such as worms, the coelom

acts as a skeleton. The coelom also allows the
internal organs to move and grow
independently of the outer layer of the body
wall
• Acoelomates
- no body cavity
- flatworms
• PSEUDOCOELOMATE
- S with body cavity but
incompletely lined with
mesoderm
- Roundworms (Nematoda)
• COELOMATES
-with body cavity completely
lined with mesoderm
-segmented worms, mollusks,
arthropods, echinoderms, and
chordates
TYPES OF ANIMAL TISSUES
 EPITHELIAL TISSUE (EPITHELIUM)

• covering of external surface or lining of internal surface

• forms continuous layer of compactly arranged cells
• composed of one layer of cells (simple) or
• several layers of cells (stratified)
• perform a variety of functions that include covering and
protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, and
sensory reception.
 Types of Structure or Number of Cells

• Simple Epithelial
Tissue
-composed of one layer of
cells
-linings of blood vessels,
ducts, digestive tract
• Stratified
Epithelial Tissue
-composed of two or more
layers of cells
-located in sites subjected to
friction or pressure such as
skin (keratinized), vagina,
esophagus (non-keratinized)
• Pseudostratified
Epithelial
Tissue
-all cells are in contact with the
basement membrane but not all
reach the surface
-lining of respiratory tract,
urethra of males
 Types as to Function

• Glandular
Epithelial Tissue - for
secretion

a. Unicellular Glandular
Epithelial Tissue
- Goblet cells in the
intestines
b. Multicellular Glandular
Epithelial Tissue
-could be with ducts (exocrine
glands) such as sweat glands
and oil glands
-without ducts (endocrine
glands) such as thyroid and
adrenals
• Sensory
Epithelial Tissue
-for reception of stimuli and
transmission of impulses
-located in the sense
organs, skin, retina and
tongue
• Germinal
Epithelial Tissue
- for reproduction
-located in the sex organs,
ovary and testis
Testis, Germinal Epithelium Ovary, Germinal Epithelium
 Types as to Shape of the Cells

• Squamous Epithelium
-made up of one layer of
flattened cells
-location: lining of mouth
and esophagus
Simple squmous epithelium, c.s.
• Cuboidal Epithelium
- cube-shaped cells
-the height of the cells is
about as tall as their width
-location: lining of kidney
tubules
• Columnar Epithelium
-cells are much taller than
their width
-pillar-shaped cells with the
nuclei usually located near
the bottom of each cell
-location: lining of trachea
and small intestines
Simple Columnar
Epithelium
 Connective Tissue

• binds structure together, connects many body parts

• provides support and protection
• fill spaces, stores fat and forms blood cells
• with abundant intercellular materials (matrix) composed of
collagenous and/or elastic fibers
 Types as to Arrangement of
Fibers in the Matrix

• Loose Connective Tissue

- loose arrangement of fibers in the matrix
-cells (fibroblasts) are farther apart separated by jelly-
like matrix with white collagen fibers (for flexibility and
strength)
yellow elastic fibers (for elasticity)
-lies beneath the epithelium of the skin and most of the
internal organs
• Mesenchyme
- during embryonic development
- disappears in the adult
-composed of fine fibers in fluid
matrix
• Mucous Connective
Tissue
- of large and
composed
satellite fibroblasts in soft
and jelly-like matrix with fine
collagenous fibers
- umbilical cord
• Reticular Connective
Tissue
-composed of stellate cells in
matrix with reticular fibers
-location: lymphoid organs,
bone marrow and liver
• Areolar Connective Tissue
-composed of round/oval cells in matrix with collagen
and elastic fibers
-the most widely distributed connective tissue in the
body
-it serves as kind of packaging materials between other
tissues
-mesenteries, omentum of alimentary canal,
subcutaneous tissue, submucosa of digestive tract
• Adipose Connective Tissue
- no formation of matrix
- storage of fats
-composed of globular with nuclei compressed in the
peripheral rim of cytoplasm
• Dense (Fibrous) Connective Tissue
-contains many collagen fibers that are packed closely
together
-more specific functions in vertebrates than loose
connective tissue
- with less amorphous ground substance

a. Irregular Arranged dense connective tissue

- occurs in sheets
- with coarse, tough network of fibers
- location: dermis of the skin, cartilage, fascia

b. Regular Arranged dense connective tissue

- with densely packed fibers parallel to each other
- location: tendon, ligaments, aponeurosis
 Specialized Connective Tissue

a. Cartilages
- skeleton during embryonic stage
-composed of cells (chondrocytes) located in the small
spaces called lacunae with collagenous or elastic fibers
 Types as to appearance of the matrix

Hyaline Cartilage
-homogenous matrix with
collagen fibers
-location: bones with joints,
nose, larynx, trachea, and
bronchi
Elastic Cartilage
- matrix with elastic fibers
-external ear, auditory tube,
epiglottis, larynx
Fibrocartilage
-little matrix with large
collagenous fibers parallel to
each other
-location: intervertebral disc,
tendons and ligaments
b. Bones or Osseous Tissues
- rigid form of connective tissue
- comprises most of the skeleton in higher vertebrates
-composed of cells (osteocytes) located in small cavities
(lacunae) of calcified matrix
-radiating from each lacuna are narrow channels
(canaliculi)
Osseous Tissue (Compact Bone)
c. Pigment Tissue
-cells contain granular
pigments which give color to
organs
- Iris of the eye
 Vascular Tissue

• fluid or liquid of vascular tissue

• consist of:
- a liquid part called plasma
-formed elements called cells (erythrocytes, leucocytes, and
thrombocytes or blood platelets
-transport and distributes food materials, gases (oxygen and
carbon dioxide) hormones and other waste products
 Formed elements or cells in vascular tissue

• Erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBC)

- carries oxygen
frog’s RBC - oval, larger and with a nucleus human’s
RBC - circular, smaller and without nucleus
- number
male - 5,500,000 RBC per cubic mm of blood
female - 5,000,000 RBC per cubic mm of blood
- origin - red bone marrow of long bones
• Thrombocytes
- related to blood clotting
-they are tiny bodies about 1/4
the diameter of the RBC,
colorless and non-nucleated
-number - 250,000 to
300,000 per cubic mm of
blood
• Leukocytes or White
Blood Cells (WBC)
-the soldiers of the body -
fight infection
-origin - lymph glands and
some from the bone marrow
 types of leucocytes

A. Granulocytes
(polymorphonuclear
leucocytes)
- with granules in the cytoplasm
- nucleus varies in shape

a. Neutrophil
-nucleus consists of three (3) or more
lobes
b. eosinophil
- nucleus consists of two (2) lobes
- 3-4% of the total number of WBC

c. basophil
-one-lobed nucleus that is usually
twisted like an “S”
- 0.5% of the total number of WBC
B. Agranulocytes (mononuclear leukocytes)
- with no granules in the cytoplasm

a. lymphocyte
-smaller spherical cell with the
nucleus almost occypying the entire
cell
- cytoplasm is vey small in amount
- 20-25% of the total number of WBC
b. monocyte
- bigger spherical cell
- nucleus is bean-shaped
-2-6% of the total number of
WBC
Muscle Tissues

• for contraction to produce movement and locomotion

• give shape to the body
• it has three types
- smooth involuntary muscle tissue
- striated voluntary muscle tissue
- striated involuntary muscle tissue
• Smooth Involuntary Muscle Tissue
- also called Visceral muscle
-composed of elongated cells with tapered ends
(fusiform)
- contains centrally located nucleus
-found in internal organs which bring about
involuntary movement in these organs
• Striated Voluntary Muscle Tissue
- also called as Skeletal Muscle
-composed of long, cylindrical cells
(filamentous)
- multinucleated
-found attached to the skeleton responsible for the
voluntary movement of the body
• Striated Involuntary Muscle Tissue
- also called Cardiac Muscle
-with elongated nucleus centrally located
between diverging cells
-found in the walls of the heart bring about the
involuntary contraction of then organ
 Nervous Tissue

• for reception of the stimuli and transmission of impulses

• Neuron or nerve cell

- structural and functional unit of nervous tissue

• Composed of :
- cell body or cytosomal body
- dendrite
- axon
Types as to number of protoplasmic processes/structure

a. Unipolar Neuron
- with only one protoplasmic
process
- found in the dorsal root
ganglion of the spinal cord
b. Bipolar Neuron
- with two protoplasmic
processes (axon and
dendrites)
- found in the retina of the
eye
c. Multipolar Neuron
-with several dendrites and one
axon
-found in ventral horns of the
gray matter of the spinal cord
Types as to function

a. Sensory Organ
- transmit impulses from
sensory receptors of the sense
organ to nerve center (CNS)
b. Motor Neuron
- transmit impulses from the
nerve central to the effectors
(muscle or glands)
c. Adjustor or
Associative Neuron
(Interneuron)
-connects sensory and motor
neurons
- located in the nerve center
Neuroglia
-supporting cells for the
nourishment, protection and
insulation of the neurons
-undergo cell division, thus
may cause brain tumor
• Types of Neuroglia

a. Astrocytes
- star-shaped neuroglia
located between neurons
and capillaries
b. Microglia
- phagocytes, disposed dead
cells of the system
c. Ependymal cells
- line the fluid-liked cavities
of the central nervous
system (CNS)
d. Oligodendrocytes
- form the myelin sheath
around the fibers
• e. Schwann cells
and satellite
cells
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oe-Z9t0KBfU
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0NEV-Rd7OgA
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4HNbspnFyIE
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sfNBe9jCsT4
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-rZfEi7gLqU
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yT9Ad01oUgc