SERVICES IN TALL

BUILDINGS
Shikharas, Stambhs, Gopurams and
Darwazas are historical architectural
marvels which have dotted the
skylines of various cities across Amer Fort structures the skyline of Jaipur
India for centuries.
Demonstrates how India was already
pacing ahead in time with its
pioneering engineering innovation
and astounding architectural
imagination than its western
counterparts.

Virupaksha Temple in Hampi, with its

magnicent horizontal and vertical scale,
dominates Karnataka’s skyline
 The Kirti Stambh in
Unlike the monotonous and banal Chittor Fort is a
high- rise towers that dominate the 22m high tower and
skylines of major metropolises was built in the 12th
today, the grandeur and glory century.
exhibited by ancient edifices is par
excellence.
 Intrinsic detail of the Gopuram at
Chamundeshwari Temple in Mysore which was
built in the 12th century by the Hoysala rulers

The detailed works seen on the Meenakshi

Temple in Madurai exhibit the bold use of art
in architecture
constructed in the 6th Century, the entire icon
of the Padmanabhaswamy Temple in Kerala is
carved out on a massive stone measuring 20
feet high and 2.5 feet thick
 In the era of globalisation,
especially after the surge in
real estate demand during
90s, the Architect turned to
western countries to seek
inspiration and in doing so,
blindly aping their concepts
of high-rise architecture.
For The LaliT & World Trade Centre, located
in the posh area of Connaught Place, C P
Kukreja Architects (CPKA) adopted using a
combination of Dholpur and Agra stones which
were sourced locally. The design con-tinues to
be lauded for its sensitive design approach as
well as the pioneering engineering solutions it
offered through the project at that time.
High-rise development offers quick solution to
the problem at hand but mindlessly aping the
West has damaged the character of cities and
created silos of isolation

Amba Deep Towers, in 1993,

 • Emporis Standards defines a high-rise as “A
VA R I O U S B O D I E S multi-story structure between 35–100 meters
H AV E D E F I N E D tall, or a building of unknown height from 12–
“HIGH-RISE” 39 floors.”
• According to the building code of Hyderabad,
India, a high-rise building is one with four
floors or more, or 15 to 18 meters or more in
height.
• The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
defines a high-rise as “a building having many
storeys”.
• The International Conference on Fire Safety in
High-Rise Buildings defined a high-rise as
“any structure where the height can have a
serious impact on evacuation”
• In the U.SThe National Fire Protection
Association defines a high-rise as being higher
High-rise buildings became than 75 feet (23 meters), or about 7 stories.
possible with the invention of the
• Most building engineers, inspectors, architects
elevator (lift)
and similar professionals define a high-rise as
a building that is at least 75 feet (23 m
 Designed by William Le Baron Jenney in
1884 and completed the next year. 180-foot (55
THE DEVELOPMENT OF meters) tall building using a steel frame to
HIGH RISE BUILDINGS support the weight of the structure.

American architect
Andrew Nicholas
Rebori and colleagues
examine the structure
of the Home
Insurance Building on
First skyscraper: 10-story Home Insurance its demolition in
Building, built in Chicago in 1885 1931.
 In 1930 and 1931, two of the
tallest buildings in the world were
constructed in New York City: the
77-story Chrysler Building (1,046
feet, 319 meters) and the 102-
story Empire State Building
(1,250 feet, 381 meters).
The latter, considered the “ Eighth
Wonder of the World, ”was built
in the record time of one year and
45 days.
 T W I N TO W E R S O F T H E
NEW YORK WORLD
TRADE CENTER

The WTC towers were the tallest buildings

in the world (taking the title from the
Empire State Building, which for more than
40 years was the world’s tallest building).
Since the first appearance of high-rise buildings, there has been a transformation in their
design and construction. This has culminated in glass, steel, and concrete structures in the
international and postmodernist styles of architecture prevalent today.
FIRST GENER ATION • The exterior walls - stone or brick,
1780-1850 sometimes cast iron was added for
decorative purposes.
• The columns - cast iron, often
unprotected; steel and wrought iron was
used for the beams; and the floors were
made of wood.
• In a fire, the floors tend to collapse, and
the iron frame loses strength and implodes.
• Elevator shafts were often unenclosed. The
only means of escape from a floor was
through a single stairway usually protected
at each level by a metal-plated wooden
door. There were no standards for the
protection of steel used in the construction
of these high-rises.
 • The second generation of tall buildings,
S E COND GE NE RAT I ON which includes the Metropolitan Life
18 50 - 1 94 0 Building (1909), the Woolworth Building
(1913), and the Empire State Building
(1931), are frame structures,
• a skeleton of welded- or riveted-steel
columns and beams, often encased in
concrete, runs through the entire building.
• This type of construction makes for an
extremely strong structure, but not such
attractive floor space.
• The interiors are full of heavy, load-
bearing columns and walls.
 • Buildings constructed from after World
THIRD GENER ATION War II until today make up the most recent
1940-PRESENT generation of high-rise buildings.
Within this generation there are those of
- steel-framed construction ( core
construction and tube construction),
- reinforced concrete construction,
- steel-framed reinforced concrete
construction.
 TYPES OF HIGH-RISE
BUILDINGS STRUCTURAL
SYSTEMS
BRACED FRAME • cantilevered vertical trusses
STRUCTURAL resisting laterals loads primarily
SYSTEM diagonal members that together
with the girders, form the “web”
of the vertical truss, with the
columns acting as the “chords’’.
• Bracing members eliminate
bending in beams and columns.
• It is used in steel construction
• This system is suitable for
multistory building in the low to
mid height range.
• efficient and economical for
enhancing the lateral stiffness and
resistance of rigid frame system.
BRACED FRAME
STRUCTURAL • This system permits the use of
SYSTEM
slender members in a building.
• An outstanding advantage of
braced frame is that, it can be
repetitive up the height of the
building with obvious economy
in design and fabrication.
• However, it might obstruct
internal planning and the
location of doors and windows.
That is why it shall be
incorporated internally along
with lines of walls and partitions.
 • Beams and columns are constructed
RIGID FRAME
monolithically to withstand moments
STRUCTURAL
SYSTEM imposed due to loads.
• The lateral stiffness of a rigid frame
depends on the bending stiffness of the
columns, girders and connections in-
plane
• It is suitable for reinforced concrete
buildings.
• It may be used in steel construction as
well, but the connections will be costly.
• One of the advantages of rigid frames is
the likelihood of planning and fitting of
windows due to open rectangular
arrangement.
• Members of rigid frame system
withstand bending moment, shear force,
and axial loads.
RIGID FRAME
STRUCTURAL • Advantages of rigid frame include
SYSTEM
ease of construction, labors can
learn construction skills easily,
construct rapidly, and can be
designed economically.
• Maximum beam span is 12.2m and
larger span beams would suffer
lateral deflection.
• A disadvantage is that the self-
weight is resisted by the action
from rigid frames.
• Finally, Burj Al Khalifa which is
the tallest structure in the world is
constructed using rigid frame
system.
 • It consists of wall and frame that interact
WA L L - F R A M E horizontally to provide stronger and stiffer
SYSTEM (DUAL
system.
SYSTEM)
• The walls are usually solid (not perforated
by openings) and they can be found
around the stairwells, elevator shafts,
and/or at the perimeter of the building.
• The walls may have a positive effect on
the performance of the frames such as by
preventing a soft storey collapse.
• braced frames and steel rigid frames
provide similar advantages of horizontal
interaction.
 • It is a continuous vertical wall constructed
SHEAR WALL from reinforced concrete or masonry wall.
SYSTEM
• Shear walls withstand both gravity and
lateral loads, and it acts as narrow deep
cantilever beam.
• Commonly, constructed as a core of
buildings
• It is highly suitable for bracing tall buildings
either reinforced concrete or steel structure.
This because shear walls have substantial in
plane stiffness and strength.
• floor-by floor repetitive planning allows the
walls to be vertically continuous.
• It may serve as excellent acoustic and fire
insulators between rooms and apartments.
• Shear walls need not to be symmetrical in
plan, but symmetry is preferred in order to
avoid torsional effects.
 • Outrigger are rigid horizontal structures
designed to improve building overturning
CORE AND OUTRIGGER stiffness and strength by connecting the core
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
or spine to closely spaced outer columns
• The central core contains shear walls or
braced frames.
• Outrigger systems functions by tying
together two structural systems (core system
and a perimeter system), and render the
building to behave nearly as composite
cantilever.
• The outriggers are in form of walls in
reinforced concrete building and trusses in
steel structures.
• Multilevel outrigger systems can provide up
to five times the moment resistance of a
single outrigger system.
• Not only does the outrigger system decline
building deformations resulting from the
overturning moments but also greater
efficiency is achieved in resisting forces.
INFILLED FRAME
STRUCTURAL
SYSTEM • Infilled frame structure system consists of
beam and column framework that some of
the bays infilled with masonry, reinforced
concrete, or block walls.
• Infill walls can be part-height or
completely fill the frame.
• The walls may or may not be connected to
the formwork.
• Great in plan stiffness and strength of the
walls prevent bending of beams and
columns under horizontal loads. As a
result, frame structural performance will
be improved.
• During an earthquake, diagonal
compression struts form in the infills so the
structure behaves more like a Braced
Frame rather than a Moment Frame.
 F L AT P L AT E A N D
F L AT S L A B
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM • This system consists of slabs (flat or
plate) connected to columns
(without the use of beams).
• flat plate is a two-way reinforced
concrete framing system utilizing a
slab of uniform thickness, the
simplest of structural shapes.
• The flat slab is a two-way
reinforced structural system that
includes either drop panels or
column capitals at columns to resist
heavier loads and thus permit
longer spans.
• Lateral resistance depends on the
flexural stiffness of the components
and their connections, with the slab
corresponding to the girder of the
rigid frame.
 • This system consists of exterior columns and
beams that create rigid frame, and interior part
TUBE STRUCTURAL of the system which is simple frame designed
SYSTEM to support gravity loads.
• The building behaves like equivalent hollow
tube.
• It is substantially economic and need half of
material required for the construction of
ordinary framed buildings.
• Lateral loads are resisted by various
connections, rigid or semi-rigid, supplemented
where necessary by bracing and truss elements.
• It is used for the construction of buildings up to
60 storeys.
• Types of tube structure system include framed
tube system (fig.9), trussed tube system
(fig.10), bundled tube system (fig.11), and tube
in tube system (fig.12).

Framed tube structure system • Trussed tube system is formed when external
bracing added to make a structure stiffer.
• Bundled tube system consists of connected
tubes and it withstand massive
 TUBE STRUCTURAL
SYSTEM

Trussed tube system

Tube in a tube system

Bundled tube structure system

COUPLED WALL
SYSTEM • This system composed of two or
more interconnected shear walls
• Shear walls connected at the floor
levels by beam or stiff slabs.
• Stiffness of the whole system is far
greater than that of its components.
• The effect of the shear-resistant
connecting members is to cause the
sets of walls to behave in their
partly as a composite cantilever,
bending about the common
centroidal axis of the walls.
• Since planer shear walls support
loads in their plane only, walls in
two orthogonal directions need to
withstand lateral loads in two
Coupled wall system directions.
 • It is the combination of two or more of basic
HYBRID structural forms either by direct combination
STRUCTURAL or by adopting different forms in different
SYSTEM parts of the structure.
• Its lack of torsional stiffness requires that
additional measures be taken, which resulted
in one bay vertical exterior bracing and a
number of levels of perimeter vierendeel
“bandages”
• It can be used for the buildings of as high as
300m.
• According to chines code (JGJ3-2002),
hybrid system can be used for the
construction of buildings with maximum
150m height in seismic regions.

Vierendeel frame
 • the exploding population, largely urban,
creates an increasing demand for tall
THE NEED OF HIGH buildings.
RISE BUILDINGS
• growing economies in major cities of the
world mean increasing urbanization
globally and the continuing rise in
population density in urban areas.