Meeting IX

Nesti Febrianti, M.Pd

Gerunds
 Definition
 words that formed with verbs but acts as
nouns.
 Kata yang terdiri dari verb yang berperan
sebagai noun
e.g I’ve been dreaming of vacation
she is interested in learning about
accounting
 Gerund = verb +ing as noun
Preposition + gerund

Formula
• Preposition + Gerund

Examples
• She insisted on coming to the class
• They are excited about going to Thailand
 Verb + Gerund

Common verbs used

• Enjoy, finish, stop, quit, mind, postpone, put
off, keep, keep on, consider, think about,
discuss, talk about.

Gerund as object
• I enjoy working in this office
• She quit learning for a while
 Go + ing
Express activities
• Menunjukkan aktifitas
• e.g I go sightseeing
• Did you go hiking yesterday?
• Mary hasn’t go shopping for a few weeks

Common expression used (go + activity)

• Boating, bowling, camping, dancing, fishing, hiking,
jogging, running, sailing, (window) shopping, sightseeing,
skating, (water) skiing, skydiving, swimming.
By + gerund

Express how something is done

• Menunjukkan bagaimana melakukan
sesuatu
• e.g we clean our clothes by washing them in
the washing machine.
• Katy improved her English by studying in
learning center.
 Gerund as subject

One gerund as subject= singular

• Painting is fun
• Cycling is exciting

Two gerund as subject = plural

• Painting and cycling are my favorite activities
Infinitives
Formula

To + Simple verb

I hope to see you again soon

 Verb + Infinitives
Formula
• (+) To+simple verb
• (-) not + to+ simple verb

Common verbs used

• Want, need, would like, would love, hope, expect, plan,
intend, mean, decide, promise, offer, agree, refuse, seen,
appear, pretend, forget, learn, try, afford, wait.

Examples
• I’ve decided to buy another car
• I’ve decided not to keep my old house
 Uncompleted infinitives

Function
• To repeat the idea that came immediately
before. (untuk mengulang ide yg ada
sbelumnya)

Examples
• I’ve never met Rose, but I’d like to
• James seems to enjoy the concert. Harry seemed
to.
 It + infinitives as subject

Function
• ‘it’ used as subject in a sentence
• ‘it’ sebagai subjek dalam kalimat

Examples
• It is fun to ride a horse
• It is important to come to class on time
 It + infinitives: using for

Formula
• It is + adj + for (someone) + infinitives
phrase

Examples
• It is important for you to study hard
• It is necessary for Mary to speak out her
mind
 Infinitives by using in order to
Function
• To express purpose (untuk menunjukkan tujuan)
• Answers ‘why?’ (menjawab pertanyaan
‘mengapa?’)

Examples
• I went to the market in order to buy fruit.
• I went to the market to buy fruit
 Infinitives with too and enough

Too + adj + (for someone) +infinitive

• The box is too heavy for you to lift
• The box is too heavy to lift

Enough + noun + infinitive / adj + enough

+ infinitive
• I don’t have enough money to buy clothes
• He isn’t old enough to go to school