CONTENT

 TERMINOLOGIES
 DESIGN
 CLASSIFICATION
 CONSTRUCTION
 SUBMARINE WARFARE AND MISSION
 ASW WEAPONS
 AIM
 TO INTRODUCE VARIOUS ASPECTS OF
SUBMARINES AND SUBMARINE OPERATIONS
TO SUB-LIEUTENANT TECHNICAL COURSE
 TERMINOLOGIES
 A submarine (or simply sub) - is
A WATERCRAFT CAPABLE OF INDEPENDENT
OPERATION UNDERWATER. IT DIFFERS FROM
A SUBMERSIBLE, WHICH HAS MORE LIMITED
UNDERWATER CAPABILITY

 ASW Warfare -
OPERATIONS CONDUCTED WITH THE INTENTION OF 
DENYING THE ENEMY THE EFFECTIVE USE OF SUBMA
RINES
 TERMINOLOGIES
  TORPEDO - IS A SELF-PROPELLED WEAPON WITH
AN EXPLOSIVE WARHEAD, LAUNCHED ABOVE OR
BELOW THE WATER SURFACE, PROPELLED
UNDERWATER TOWARDS A TARGET, AND DESIGNED
TO DETONATE EITHER ON CONTACT WITH ITS
TARGET OR IN PROXIMITY TO IT
 A NAVAL MINE - IS A SELF-
CONTAINED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE PLACED IN WATER
TO DAMAGE OR DESTROY
SURFACE SHIPS OR SUBMARINES. 
 TERMINOLOGIES
 A CONNING TOWER - IS A RAISED PLATFORM ON A
SHIP OR SUBMARINE, OFTEN ARMORED, FROM
WHICH AN OFFICER CAN CONN THE VESSEL.
 THE SAIL (AMERICAN USAGE)
OR FIN (EUROPEAN/COMMONWEALTH USAGE) OF
A SUBMARINE IS THE TOWER-LIKE STRUCTURE
FOUND ON THE DORSAL (TOPSIDE) SURFACE OF
SUBMARINES
SUBMARINES IN ACTION
SUBMARINE
SUBMARINE
SUBMARINE MISSILE LAUNCH
 STATES OF SUBMARINE
 SURFACED
 DIVED
 SNORTING ( At Periscope Depth )
 HULL CONSTRUCTION
 SINGLE HULL
 DOUBLE HULL
 SUBMARINE DESIGN
 BASED ON ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE.
 WT OF AN OBJECT = WT OF WATER IT
DISPLACES.
TYPES OF BUOYANCY
HULL CONSTRUCTON
HULL CONSTRUCTION
HULL CONSTRUCTION
 TYPES OF SUBMARINE
• THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF SUBMARINE
• 1. CONVENTIONAL SUBMARINE
• 2. NUCLEAR SUBMARINE.
 CONVENTIONAL SUBMARINE
Powered by batteries
Batteries recharged by diesels
Air for running of diesels through snort mast.
examples:
 SSK – conventionally powered ( diesel/electric)
submarine with ASW capability
 SS – conventionally powered (diesel/electric) submarine
 SSB – conventionally powered (diesel/electric) ballistic
missile submarine
 NUCLEAR SUBMARINE
 Powered by nuclear reactor (power)
Example:
 SSGN - NUCLEAR POWERED GUIDED ( CRUISE)
MISSILE SUBMARINE
 SSN- NUCLEAR POWERED ATTACK SUBMARNE
 SSBN- NUCLEAR POWERED BALLISTIC MISSILE
SUBMARINE
 ADVANTAGES OF SUBMARINE
 Concealed actions ensured by the submarines
ability to operate for a long time while submerged
 Self-sufficient i.e. the ability to operate at sea for a
long time without replenishment of supplies
 Ability to timely reveal enemy surface ships while
submerged
 The ability to act in any weather and sea
conditions in high seas
 SUBMARINE OPERATIONS
 Offensive role
 Deterrent potential
 Sea denial
 Stealth
 High patrol endurance
 Multi-mission capability
 MASTS
 Periscope
 Snorkel
 Communication
 Radar
 ESM ( Electronic Support Measures) or ECM
(Electronic Counter Measure)
 SUBMARINE PROPULSION
D

POWER PROPELL
MOTOR SHAFTING
SOURCE ER
 HYDROPLANES
 FORE PLANES
 MAY BE IN THE FIN OR FWD CASING
 USED TO CONTROL DEPTH

 AFT PLANES
 INTERGRAL WITH THE STABILIZER
 USED TO CONTROL ANGLE
PERISCOPE
 SNORKEL
 A submarine snorkel is a device which allows
a submarine to operate submerged while still
taking in air from above the surface. uss u-
3008 (former German submarine U-3008) conning
tower, with the snorkel raised
  
SENSORS & WEAPONS
OF THE S/M

• (A) SENSORS
• 1. PERISCOPE
• 2. RADAR
• 3. SONAR
 SENSORS & WEAPONS
OF THE S/M
(B) WEAPONS
1. TORPEDOES
(a) ACTIVE (b) PASSIVE
2. MISSILE
3. MINE.
4. DEPTH CHARGES
 ANTI-SUBMARINE WEAPONS
• Types of Weapons. ASW weapon can be
classified in to four categories
•
• (a)    Depth charges
• (b)    Rockets
• (c)    Torpedoes
• (d)    Mines
 DEPTH CHARGE
• Construction. A depth charge is a cylindrical
drum, which contains the main charge. It can be
dropped from a ship or an aircraft. The center of
the charge is hollow tube. This contains the DC
pistol, detonator and a primer.
• Function. Depth is set on the DC prior to release.
When a DC enters the water, the water pressure
acts against a preset spring tension and a firing pin
is released. This pin explodes the main charge.
 ROCKETS
• Purpose Rocket are fired with the basic aim
to straddle a submerged S/M and create a
pressure envelope around it so that the
pressure hull of the s/m gives way.
 CONSTRUCTION
• Consists of four parts
• (a)   Nose. It houses the fuze depth setting mechanism.
• (b)  Warhead it contains the IIE
• (c)  Motor Section. It contains propellant sticks, which are called
motors.
1tConsists of four parts
 Nose. It houses the fuze depth setting mechanism.
 Warhead it contains the HE
Motor Section. It contains propellant sticks, which are called
motors.
Tail Unit. Is used to stabilize rocket in air and water.
• . Is used to stabilize rocket in air and water.
TORPEDO
 TORPEDODES
• This is the most accurate of all ASW weapons and
is used for deliberate attack when s/m’s position
is fairly well known. It is self propelled and driven
by a twin set of a propeller on the after end.
• Types of Torpedoes. Torpedoes can be divided
in to two broad categories.
• (a)      Pattern Runners
• (b)      Homing Torpedoes.
TORPEDO
 Torpedoes
 
 Pattern Runners. These torpedoes after firing
runs in a preset course that is the either straight
or zigzagging.
 Homing Torpedoes. These torpedoes have the
ability to search and follow the track of a s/m.
they can be further divided into: -
     Passive Homers
    Active Homers 
HOMING TORPEDO
 Torpedoes
 Passive Torpedoes. A passive torpedo is
fired in a general direction of the s/m and it
than seeks for radiated noise is above the
detection threshold of the torpedo’s sonar it
homes on to the s/m.
 Active Torpedoes. These have a small sonar
set i.e. transmitter and receiver in the nose
section. If it receives the echo, it will home on
to the echo.
 Construction of Torpedoes

 
 A torpedo can be divided into four sections:
(a)      Nose Section.
(b)      Warhead.
(c)      Control and battery section.
(d)      After body section
WAKE HOMING
TORPEDO SECTIONS
 Construction of Torpedoes
 Nose Section. These houses the proximity
fuze transducer and an electronic assembly to
convert electrical signals into sound signals
and vice versa.
 Warhead. This section contains the HE
explosive along with arming fuze assembly
 Construction of Torpedoes
 Control and Battery section. The control section
processes the incoming echo signals for bearing.
Range and depth and directs the torpedo
accordingly. It also contains ECM electronics. The
battery section consists of a high performance
battery, which drives the motor and the propellers
subsequently.
 After Body Section. This section houses the
rudders and elevators and the electric motors for
driving the propellers.
 MINE WARFARE

• MINE WARFARE IS THE STRATEGIC AND TACTICAL USE OF SEA MINES

AND THEIR COUNTERMEASURES

MINE WARFARE

MINING MCM

• MINE WARFARE INCLUDES ALL AVAILABLE OFFENSIVE, DEFENSIVE

AND PROTECTIVE MEASURES FOR BOTH LAYING AND COUNTERING
SEA MINES
•  
 Aim of Mine Warfare

• (a) Disrupt the enemy’s line of a sea communication.

• (b) Extend enemy’s line of sea communication.
• (c)   Blockade of enemy’s line of sea communication.
• (d)  Force the enemy to use enemy to use water where
own force lurk.
• (e)  Make enemy use is mine sweeping forces to the max.
• (f)  Prevent enemy approaching our harbour and ports and
sea lanes.
• Control the movement of friendly and a neutral shipping
 MCM TREE

MINE COUNTER MEASURES

OFFENSIVE MCM DEFENSIVE MCM

DESTROY ENEMY MINES

ACTIVE MCM PASSIVE MCM
DESTROY ENEMY MINE LOCALIZE MINE
LAYERS MINE MINE THREAT
HUNTING SWEEPING
LOCATE
MINEFIELDS
DEGAUSSING TACTICAL MEASURES REDUCE RISK
 HAGUE CONVENTION – 1907
 ARMED DRIFTING MINES MUST HAVE MAX LIFE OF 1
HOUR
 ARMED MOORED MINES MUST STERILISE IF
MOORING BROKEN
 MINEFIELD MAY NOT SOLELY TARGET COMMERCIAL
SHIPPING
 MINEFIELD MAY NOT INTERFERE WITH SAFE TRANSIT
OF NEUTRALS
 MINES MUST BE REMOVED AT END OF HOSTILITIES BY
PLANTING FORCE
 Type of Mine Fields.

(a) Offensive Minefield. These are minefields layed off the

enemy’s coast, at harbour entrance areas, submarine
transit routes and in submarine probability areas through
which an enemy submarine must pass to reach her patrol
zone destination.

(b) Defensive Minefield. These are the minefields laid in

waters under our own control to protect coastal convoys
from enemy attack, prevent from closing our harbours
and to control shipping by enforcing ships of neutral
countries to remain in water, where we can observe them
 Types of Mines.

1. MOORED MINES:
A MINE OF POSITIVE BUOYANCY HELD BELOW
SURFACE BY MOORING ATTACHED TO A SINKER
ON THE BOTTOM

2. GROUND MINES (BOTTOM):

A MINE WITH NEGATIVE BUOYANCY WHICH
REMAINS ON THE SEA BED
 TYPES OF MINES
3. DRIFTING MINES:
 A BUOYANT OR NEUTRALLY BUOYANT MINE FREE TO
MOVE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF WIND OR TIDE. IT
MAY BE ATTACHED TO A SMALL BULK OF TIMBER OR
OTHER INNOCENT LOOKING OBJECT
4.  HOMING MINE (CAPTOR MINE)
 A MINE WITH PROPULSION EQUIPMENT WHICH
HOMES ON A TARGET. THE MINE NORMALLY LIES ON
THE SEA BED OR IS SECURED TO A SINKER AND IS
SET IN MOTION BY A SHIPS INFLUENCE
 TYPES OF MINES
• BOUQUET MINE
– A mine where a number of buoyant mine cases
are attached to the same sinker when the
mooring of one mine case is cut by a sweep
another mine case rises from the sinker to its
preset depth
 MINE LAYERS

1. SUBMARINES
2. SURFACE SHIPS
3. FIXED WING AIR CRAFTS
4. HELICOPTERS
 
GROUND MINE
MOORED MINE
MOORED MINE
  
Self Protection Measures

These are the measures by individual ships to

prevent actuating any enemy laid mines:-
(a)    Degaussing.
(b)   Using safe speeds.
(c)    Operating in safe depths.
(d)   Reduction of self-noise output, use of of sonar
(e) Use of foxer
(f)     Negotiating restricted water during high water.
(g)placing mine lookouts and sharpshooters 
 PRINCIPLES OF SONAR
• . SONAR
• - PURPOSE OF SONAR
• - COMPONENTS OF SONAR
•
• 2. TRANSDUCER
• -PURPOSE OF TRANSDUCER
• -CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSDUCER
•
• 3. PIEZO ELECTRIC SUBSTANCES
• 4. FUNCTION OF EACH COMPONENTS
• 5. TYPES OF SONAR
 SONAR

• Sonar (originally
an acronym for Sound Navigation And Ranging
) is a technique that uses sound propagation
(usually underwater, as in submarine
navigation) to navigate, communicate with or
detect objects on or under the surface of the
water, such as other vessels.
 SONAR
PURPOSE :- TO DETECT, CLASSIFY AND LOCATE AN
UNDER WATER TARGET.
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF SONAR
• --- TRANSDUCER
• --- TRANSMIT/ RECEIVE SWITCH
• --- TRANSMITTER
• --- RECEIVER
• --- DISPLAY
• --- HEAD PHONE
 TRANSDUCER

• PURPOSE :- CONVERT ELECTRICAL ENERGY IN TO

ACOUSTIC ENERGY DURING TXN AND DURING RXN.
• B. CONSTRUCTION :- -- STAVES
• -- ELEMENTS
• TRANSDUCER - CONSTRUCTION
• SUBSTANCES USED :-
• --- PIEZO ELECTRIC SUBSTANCES.
• --- ELECTRO STRICTIVE SUBSTANCES.
• --- MAGNETO STRICTIVE SUBSTANCES.
 PIEZO ELECTRIC SUBSTANCES

• PIEZO ELECTRIC SUBSTANCES :- ( ROCHELLA

SALT, QUARTZ)
• 1. THESE ARE BASED ON PIEZO ELECTRIC
EFFECT. THE PIEZO ELECTRIC EFFECT IS THE
ELECTRIC POLARISATION PRODUCED BY SOME
CRYSTAL SURFACE WHEN PLACED UNDER
MECHANICAL STRAIN. THESE CRYSTAL
SUBSTANCES ARE KNOWN AS PIEZO ELECTRIC
SUBSTANCES.
 ELECTRO- STRICTIVE
• 2. ELECTRO- STRICTIVE : (BARIUM TITANATE)
• THE ELECTROSTRICTIVE EFFECT IS
DISTINGUISHED FROM THE PIEZO ELECTRIC
EFFECT IN TWO RESPECT VIZ. IT IS COMMON TO
ALL MATERIALS AND USUALLY MUCH SMALLER
EVEN THOUGH IT IS ALWAYS PRESENT WHEN
THE CERAMIC BARIUM TITANATE IN WHICH THE
ELECTROSTRICTIVE IS LARGE IN COMPARISON
WITH THE PIEZO ELECTRIC EFFECT.
 MAGNETO STRICTIVE
• 3. MAGNETO STRICTIVE : (IRON AND NICKEL)
• MAGNETO STRICTIVE IS THE CHANGE IN
DIMENSION OF FERRO MAGNETIC MATERIAL
WHEN PLACED IN MAGNETIC FIELD.
 FUNCTIONS OF EACH COMPONENT

• TRANSDUCER :- IS A UNIT WHICH CONVERTS

THE ELECTRIC ENERGY IN TO ACOUSTIC
ENERGY DURING TRANSMISSON AND VICE-
VERSA DURING RECEPTION AND THEREFORE
OPERATES AS A TRANSMITTER AND
RECEIVER.
• 2. T/R SWITCH :- THIS SWITCH PLAYS A MAJOR
ROLE IN SONAR OPERATION. IT IS A TWO WAY
OPERATING SWITCH. THE NORMAL POSITION OF
THIS SWITCH IS AT RECEIVER SO THAT THE
TRANSDUCER ALWAYS REMAINS CONNECTED TO
THE RECEIVER, AWAITING ANY RETURNING
ECHOES. WHEN THIS SWITCH CHANGES FROM
RECEIVE TO TRANSMIT POSITION. THE RECEIVERS
ARE DISCONNECTED AND THE TRANSMITTERS ARE
CONNECTED TO THE TRANSDUCER.
• 3. TRANSMITTER :- THE TRANSMITTER
GENERATES AND SUPPLIES THE REQUIRED
POWER AND PULSE TO THE TRANSDUCER VIA
T/R SWITCH TO PRODUCE THE ACOUSTIC
ENERGY
•  
•  
 TYPES OF SONAR

 HULL MOUNTED
 VDS
 TOWED ARRAY
 SONOBUOYS
VDS ( VARIABLE DEPTH SONAR)
 HULL MOUNTED
(a) HULL MOUNTED :- THE HULL MOUNTED
SONAR HAS A TRANDUCER ENCLOSED IN A
DOME. THE DOME IS KEPT AT A CONSTANT
DEPTH IN THE WATER WHEN THE SONAR IS
OPERATING.
 VDS
(b) VDS :- THE VARIABLE DEPTH SONAR HAS A
TRANDUCER WHICH IS LOCATED INSIDE A
STREAMLINED “FISH” AND IS TOWED AT
DEPTH AS GREAT AS SEVERAL HUNDRED
FEET.THIS HELPS TO OPTIMIZE THE SONAR
PERFORMANCE IN VARYING HYDROLOGICAL
CONDITIONS
 TOWED ARRAY
(C) TOWED ARRAY ARE NATURALLY BUOYANT
FLEXIBLE ARRAY WHICH MAY BE THOUSAND
FEET LONG AND ARE TOWED AT GREAT
DISTANCE ASTERN. THEY ARE LOW
FREQUENCY PASSIVE SONARS.
TOWED ARRAY SONAR
 SONOBUOYS
(d) SONOBUOYS ARE SMALL SONAR SETS
DROPPED BY A/C OR HELO FOR
UNDERWATER LISTENING OR ECHO
RANGING. THIS COMPACT EXPENDABLE
DEVICE CONTAINS MINATURE RADIO
TRANSMITTER FOR RELAYING SIGNALS
PICKED UPBY ITS HYDROPHONES.
SONOBUOYS
SONOBUOY
SONOBUOYS
 MODES OF SONAR
•  
• A) ACTIVE SONAR :- THIS SYSTEM IS BASED ON THE
ECHO
• RANGING PRINCIPLE WHERE ACOUSTIC SIGNAL IS
RADIATED AND RETURNING ECHOES FROM THE
TARGETS ARE RECEIVED.
• B) PASSIVE SONAR :- THE PASSIVE SONAR DOES NOT
PUT ANY ENERGY IN TO WATER BUT LISTEN TO THE
SOUND PRODUCED BY THE SHIPS AND SUBMARINE