INTRODUCTION TO

CRIMINOLOGY

By:

GRACE M. ARANDA, CSP

Registered Criminologist
CRIMINOLOGY - is a body of
knowledge regarding crime as a social
phenomenon.

-Edwin Sutherland
Word Origin:

-Latin word CRIMEN ( accusation)

-Greek word LOGIA ( study)

-Raffael Garofalo- coined the term

criminology as CRIMINOLOGIA
 CRIME
-is an act or omission in violation of
CRIMINAL LAWS, committed without
defense or justification and sanctioned by
law as a felony, offense or misdemeanor
Ingredients of Crime

 Motive or desire
 Opportunity
 Instruments

FORMULA : Motive+ Opportunity+ Instrument/s = CRIME

CRIME AND SIN DISTINCTION

CRIME - is an act or omission punishable in penal law of a state

SIN - is an act or omission punishable in spiritual or divine law.
 Principal Division of Criminology

1.Criminal Etiology -

is an attempt at scientific analysis of the

causes of crime. Focuses on the actual
causes of criminal behavior
2. Sociology of law –

refers to the attempt at scientific

analysis of the conditions under
which penal/criminal laws
develop as a process of formal
social control
3. Penology –

• deals with the principles

and methods of punishment
OTHER AREAS OF THE STUDY OF
CRIMINOLOGY

• Law Enforcement – which refers to the

manner in which authorities enforce the
local and national laws of the land. It is
more related to matters involving police
management and administration or
policing in general. It is under the area
called Law Enforcement Administration.
• Criminal Investigation – which pertains
to the processes of crime detection and
the identification of criminal offenders.
This belongs to the area called Crime
Detection and Investigation.

• Forensic Science – or the study

regarding “instrumentation” involving the
tools in crime detection and criminal
identification. This belongs to the area
called Criminalistics.
 DIFFERENT
PERSONALITIES IN
CRIMINOLOGY
CLASSICAL SCHOOL

1. CESARE BECCARIA (1738-1794)

-

wrote the first comprehensive

design for an enlightened criminal
justice system based on law rather
than arbitrary decisions
2. JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-
1832)

proposed Utilitarianism which is

based on the amount of happiness
(pleasure ) or unhappiness (pain)
any given act will bring to the actor
-formulated precise pseudo-
mathematical formula which he
called “FELIFIC CALCULUS”
Jeremy Bentham
POSITIVISM
August Comte - founder of sociology and
positivism

•Sociology- the study of the origin,

development, and structure of human
societies and the behavior of individual
people and groups in society.

•Positivism- the state or quality of being

positive
CESARE LOMBROSO (1835-1909)
- founder of Positivist school of criminology
- replaced free will with determinism as the
explanatory factor in criminal behavior
- posited the born criminal
- Atavistic Stigma- is the physical characteristic
of a person at an earlier stage of development

- Known as the “Father of Modern

Criminology”
GIAMBATTISTA DELLA PORTA (1535-
1615) -
Founded the school of human physiognomy.

- In 1586 della Porta published a work on

physiognomy, De humana physiognomonia
libri IIII (1586).This influenced the Swiss
18th century pastor Johann Kaspar Lavater
GIAMBATTISTA DELLA
PORTA
Physiognomy from the Greek word physis
meaning nature and gnomon meaning
judge or interpreter

-is the assessment of a person's character or

personality from their outer appearance,
especially the face
-also refers to the general appearance of a
person, object or terrain, without reference
to its implied characteristics
JOHANN KASPAR LAVATER
(1741-1801)

-Popularized the study of Physiognomy

-was influenced by the writings of

Giambattista della Porta
•FRANZ JOSEPH GALL and
•JOHANN KASPAR SPURZHEIM

Developed the science of phrenology

which posited that bumps on the head
were indications of psychological
propensities
FRANZ JOSEAPH GALL
JOHANN KASPAR
SPURZHEIM
Phrenology is based on the concept that the
brain is the organ of the mind, and that certain
brain areas have localized, specific functions or
modules. Phrenologists believed that the mind
has a set of different mental faculties, with each
particular faculty represented in a different area
of the brain.
CHARLES DARWIN (1809-1882)

•-proposed the scientific theory that this

branching pattern of evolution resulted from a
process that he called natural selection

•-published his theory with compelling

evidence for evolution in his 1859 book On
the Origin of the Species
RICHARD DUGDALE (1841-
1883)
Related criminal behavior to
inherited traits (Jukes family).
RAFFAELE GAROFALO (1852-
1934)

Traced roots of criminal

behavior to “moral anomalies”
rather than to physical stigma.
ENRICO FERRI (1856-1929)
Produced first penal code based on principles
of positivism. Replaced “moral responsibility”
with social accountability.
ERNEST HOOTON (1887-1954)

-Criminal Physical Inferiority Theory

Asymmetrical Character of Human Evolution

ERNEST KRETSCHMER (1888-
1964)
Introduced the somatotype (body
build school of criminology)
 Athletic
 Asthenic/ leposomatic
 Pyknic/ Pyknosomatic
WILLIAM SHELDON
(1898-1977)
Related body types to illegal
behavior.
 Mesomorph
 Ectomorph
 Endomorph
 PHILIPPE PINEL (1745-1826)

Described the concept of moral insanity

to described person who were normal in
all aspects except that something was
wrong with the part of the brain that
regulate affective responses.
 “Father of Modern Psychiatry”
-classification of mental disorders
SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)

-founded the psychodynamic theory or

psychoanalytic/ Freudian theory that
human minds perform three separate
functions
 Personality

Id- pleasure principle

Ego- reality principle

Super ego- morality principle

ISAAC RAY (1807-1881)
-questioned whether people who were
morally insane could be held legally
responsible for their acts
A Treatise on the Medical Jurisprudence
of Insanity
HENRY H. GODDARD (1866-
1957)
Related criminal behavior to
intelligence level (Kallikak family)
ADOLPHE QUETELET (1796-1874)
-made early attempt to repudiate free-will
doctrine of classicists. Studied social
determinants of behavior.

AUGUST COMTE (1798-1857)

-father of sociology and positivism
 ANDRE MICHEL GUERRY
(1802-1866)
Used criminal statistics to demonstrate that crime rate
varied with social factors

GABRIEL TARDE (1843-1904)

Explained crime as a learned behavior. Formulated
the theory on the “Law of Imitation”
EMILE DURKHEIM (1858-1917)
-developed the Anomie theory

Anomie- a breakdown of social

order as a result of a loss of standard
and values
 crime is normal in all societies
Albert Cohen

 developed the Subcultural theory

 He explains why delinquent subcultures

emerge in the first place (strain) and how
they are passed on from one generation
to the next (differential association)

 Classified lower-class children who

experience status frustration and strain
into corner boys, college boys and
delinquent boy
Corner boys- try to make the best out of
bad situation

College boys- these boys continually

strive to live up to middle class standards,
but their chances for success are limited
because of academic and social
handicapped

Delinquent boys- band together to form a

subcultue in which they can define status in
ways that to them seem attainable
 Reaction formation

A mechanism that relieves anxiety

through the process of rejecting with
unusual intensity what one wants but
cannot be obtained
CLASSIFICATION OF
CRIMES
Dolo/ Deceit- intentional felonies

Culpa/ Fault- culpable felonies

• Consumated- when all the elements
necessary are present

• Frustrated- when the offender performs all

the acts but does not produce the felony

• Attempted- when the offender commences

the commission of a felony directly by
overt acts
Acquisitive crime - when the offender
acquires something as a consequence
of his criminal act

Extinctive crime -when an end result of

a criminal act is destructive
Seasonal crime
- those committed only during certain
period of the year

Situational crime
- those committed only when a given
situation is conducive to its commission
Instant crime
- those committed in the shortest
possible time

Episoidal crime
–those committed by a series of act in a
longer space of time
 Static crime
-those committed in one place

Continuing crime
- those that are committed in several
places
Rational crimes
- those committed with intention and offender
is in full possession of his sanity

Irrational crimes
- committed by persons who do not know the
nature and quality of their act on account of
the diseases of the mind
White-collar crime
- those committed by persons of high respectability
and of upper socio-economic class, whose offense
are committed in the course of their occupational
activities

Blue collar crime

- those committed by ordinary criminals who
commit crime as a source of livelihood
CRIMINAL – is any person who has been
found to have committed a wrongful act in the
course of standard judicial process
1. Acute criminals
-those who violate the law because of the
impulse of the moment, fit of passion or
anger or spell of extreme jealousy

2. Chronic criminals
-those who acted in consonance with
deliberate thinking
3. Neurotic criminals

- are those whose actions arise from

intra-psychic conflict between the social
and anti-socio component of his
personality
4. Normal criminals

-person whose psychic

organization resembles that of
normal individuals except that
they identify themselves with
criminal prototype
5.Ordinary criminals

-lowest form of criminal career where they

engaged only on conventional crimes that
requires limited skills
6. Organized criminals

-has high degree of organization to

enable them to commit crimes
without being detected

-committed to specialized activities

which can be operated in large
business scale
7. Professional criminals

-highly skilled and able to obtain

considerable amount of money
without being detected
8. Accidental criminals

– those who commit criminal acts

as a result of unanticipated
circumstances
9. Habitual criminals

-those who continue to commit

criminal acts for such diverse
reasons due to deficiency of
intelligence and lack of self-
control.
10. Situational criminals

-are those involved in criminal acts

because the situation presented itself
11. Active aggressive criminals
- commit crimes in an impulsive manners
usually due to their aggressive behavior of the
offender
BEHAVIORAL
DISORDERS
 Pedophilia- a sexual perversion where a
person has the compulsive desire to have
sexual intercourse with a child of either
sex

 Bestiality- the sexual gratification is

attained by having sexual intercourse
with animals

 Auto-sexual gratification- also called

“self abuse”
 Necrophilia- an erotic desire to have a
sexual intercouse with a corpse
 Homosexuality- sexual behavior directed
to the same sex. It is termed “tribadism”
for female relationship
 Transvestism- refers to the achievement
of sexual excitement by dressing as a
member of the opposite sex
 Fetishism- sexual gratification is
obtained by using objects
 Voyeurism- the person is called “peeping
Tom”; achieving sexual pleasures through
clandestine peeping
 Exhibitionism- also called “indecent
exposure”; intentional exposure of
genitals to members of the opposite sex
under inappropriate conditions
THEORETICAL CAUSES
OF CRIME
 1. THE CLASSICAL THEORY OR THE
CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF THOUGHT

-rationality by pain and pleasure in the pursuit of criminal

act
-exercised free will, rationality and responsibility in their
choice of action.
•ARGUES THAT THE CLASSICAL
SCHOOL IS CORRECT BUT IT
SHOULD BE MODIFIED IN SOME
ASPECT

- CHILDREN AND LUNATICS ARE

EXEMPT FROM PUNISHMENT

Neo- Classical Theory or school of thought

 3. POSITIVIST THEORY OR
POSITIVIST SCHOOL OF THOUGHT

-criminals are born with some physical defects

and characteristics that becomes causes of
crime
CRIMINOLOGICAL Theories
Theory of imitation

• According to Tarde’s thesis, individuals

emulate behavior patterns and such
emulation takes place through this pattern:
1. Individuals imitate others in proportion
to the intensity and frequency of their
contacts.
2. Inferiors imitate superiors.
3. When two behavior patterns clash, one
may take place the other.
DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY

Edwin Sutherland’s nine propositions:

1.Criminal behavior is learned.

2.It is learned in interaction through the process of
communication.
3.The principal part of the learning of criminal
behavior occurs within intimate personal groups.
4.When criminal behavior is learned, the learning
includes techniques in committing the crime and
the specific direction of motives and attitudes.
5. The specific direction of motives and drives
is learned from definitions of the legal codes
as favorable or unfavorable.

6. A person becomes delinquent because of an

excess of definitions favorable to violation of
law over those unfavorable to the violation of
law.

7. Differential association may vary in

frequency, duration, priority and intensity.
8. The process of learning criminal
behavior
by association with criminal and anti-
criminal patterns involves all the
mechanisms that are involved in any other
learning.

9. While criminal behavior is an expression

of general needs and values, it is not
explained by those needs and values since
non-criminal behavior is an expression of
the same needs and values.
ANOMIE THEORY

 Developed by Emile Durkheim

Anomie - describes a lack of social norms;

“normlessness".
 It is a breakdown of social order as a result
of loss of standards and values.
STRAIN THEORY

 developed by Robert Merton

 maintains that the failure of man to achieve

their goal in life caused them to commit crimes in
order for that goal to be attained.
STRAIN THEORY

 Modes of Adaptation
 Conformity- individuals accept both
the culturally defined goals and the
prescribed means for achieving those
goals
 Innovation- accept society’s goals but
since they have few legitimate means of
achieving them, they design their own
means
STRAIN THEORY
 Ritualism- people abandon the goals they
once believed to be within reach
 Retreatism- people give up both the goals
and the means
 Rebellion- people substitute their own goals
and means with an alternative scheme
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

 developed by Sigmund Freud

 He suggested that it is necessary to look into

the individual and analyze the unconscious
motivations that underlie many thoughts,
wishes, feelings and memory.
Three parts of PERSONALITY

 Id – it strives to fulfill the basic needs

such as hunger, thirst, etc.
- it plays on pleasure principle

 Ego- mediates between the needs

expressed by the Id and the real world

 Superego- It permits the fulfillment of the

Id impulses only when they are found to
be moral
Moral Development Theory

 founded by Jean Piagete

 further developed by Lawrence Kohlberg

 Moral reasoning develops in three stages:

 Pre-conventional level
 Conventional level
 Post-conventional level
Moral Development Theory

 Pre- conventional Morality- moral rules and

values consist the dos and don’ts to avoid
punishment

 Conventional Morality- individuals believe in

and have adopted the values and rules of society

 Post- conventional- individuals examine customs

and social rules according to their own sense of
moral principles and duties
Social Learning Theory

 by Albert Bandura

 People are not actually born to act

violently but they learned to be
aggressive through their life
experiences.
Social Bond Theory

 by Travis Hirschi

 Claimed that criminality results from lack of

commitment to social institutions
Four Social Bonds

 Attachment
 Commitment
 Involvement
 Belief
Culture Conflict Theory

 by Thorsten Sellin

 He argues that different groups have

different conduct norms and that the
conduct norms of one group may conflict
those of another
Containment Theory

 by Walter Reckless

 assumes that for every individual, there

exists a containing external structure and
a protective internal structure
Life Course Theory

 by Robert Sampson

 assumes that family, school and peer

attachments were most strongly
associated with delinquency from
childhood to adolescents
Labelling Theory

 by Howard Becker

 declares that the reactions of other

people and the subsequent effects of
those reactions create deviance
4.VICTIMLESS CRIMES
- Are moral offenses or vice

a. Prostitution
b. Pornography
c. Drug abuse
d. Alcoholism
Theories on Victimology
Routine - ActivityTheory

 by Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson

 A crime can only occur only if there are

 likely offender
 suitable target
 absence of a capable guardian
Lifestyle Theory

 By Michael Hindelang

 Variations in lifestyle affect the number

of situations with high victimization
risks that a person experiences.
Victim Precipitation

 developed by Marvin Wolfgang

 refer to situations when victims initiate

the confrontations that lead to their
death
Thank you and God bless
everyone!!!!!