Lesson 6.

2
Lipids

Ma. Conxedes B. Gudes

MAED-TSci
Advanced Chemistry
 Presenter’s Profile
- Licensed Professional Teacher
- BSED-Biological
Science (DOrSU)
-Public School
Teacher

TSCI 104
Advanced Chemistry
 Learning Objectives
At the end of the discussion, the students
shall be able to:
1. illustrate the structure of lipids;
2. discuss properties, functions, and sources
of lipids

TSCI 104
Advanced Chemistry 3
 Topic Outline
I. Definition/Description of Lipids
II. Classification of Lipids
a. by Function
b. by Structure
1. Simple Lipids
2. Complex Lipids
3. Derivative Lipids
III. Summary

TSCI 104
Advanced Chemistry 4
 What are Lipids?
Lipids are a family of substances that are
insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar
solvents and solvents of low polarity (Organic
solvents).

TSCI 104
Advanced Chemistry 5
 Classification by
Storage-important use for lipids is the storage of energy
Function
(such as Fats)
Membrane Components- the central architectural feature of
biological membranes is a double layer of lipids, which acts
as a barrier to the passage of polar molecules and ions (such
as phospholipids)
Messengers- Lipids serve as chemical messengers Primary
messengers: steroid hormones
Secondary messengers: prostaglandins and thromboxanes

TSCI 104
Advanced Chemistry 6
 Classification by Structure
1. Simple Lipids (Triglycerides)
 are triesters of glycerol and long-chain carboxylic
acids called fatty acids.
Fatty acids are:
1. practically all unbranched carboxylic
acids.
2. range in size from about 10 to 20 carbons.
3. contain an even number of carbon atoms.
4. Apart from the —COOH group, they have
no functional groups, except that some do
have double bonds.
5. In most fatty acids that have double
bonds, the cis isomers predominate.

TSCI 104
Advanced Chemistry 7
 Classification by Structure
Properties of Triglycerides:
A. Physical State
Fat – is a mixture of triglycerides containing a high
proportion of long-chain, saturated fatty acids.
Oil – is a mixture of triglycerides containing a high
proportion of long-chain, unsaturated fatty acids or
short-chain, saturated fatty acids.

TSCI 104
Advanced Chemistry 8
TA B L E O F C O M M O N FAT T Y A C I D S A L O N G W I T H T H E I R C O R R E S P O N D I N G F O R M U L A S A N D
SOURCES
 Classification by Structure
Properties of Triglycerides:
B. Hydrogenation
 reduce carbon–carbon double bonds to single bonds
by treating them with hydrogen and a catalyst
 convert unsaturated liquid oils to solids
 is the source of trans fatty acids

TSCI 104
Advanced Chemistry 11
 Classification by Structure
Properties of Triglycerides:
C. Saponification
 is the base-promoted hydrolysis of fats and oils
producing glycerol and a mixture of fatty acid salts
called soaps.

TSCI 104
Advanced Chemistry 12
 Classification by Structure
2. Complex Lipids
 constitute the main components of
membranes
 can be classified into two groups:
phospholipids and glycolipids

TSCI 104
Advanced Chemistry 13
 Classification by Structure
Phospholipids - contain an alcohol, two fatty
acids, and a phosphate group.
Two types: glycerophospholipids and
sphingolipids.

Glycolipids - are complex lipids that contain

carbohydrates

TSCI 104
Advanced Chemistry 14
 Classification by Structure
Glycerophospholipids
 are membrane
components of cells
throughout the body.
 composed of glycerol,
fatty acid, and
phosphate esterified
with alcohol

TSCI 104
Advanced Chemistry 15
 Classification by Structure
Sphingolipids
 structural component of membrane
 the alcohol portion is sphingosine

TSCI 104
Advanced Chemistry 17
 Classification by Structure
Glycolipids
 are complex lipids that contain carbohydrates
and ceramides. The alcohol is sphingosine
 Types: Cerebrosides and Gangliosides

TSCI 104
Advanced Chemistry 19
 Cerebrosides-the simplest sphingoglycolipids,
are ceramides with head groups that consist of
a single sugar residue
Gangliosides form the most complex group of
sphingoglycolipids. They are ceramide oligosaccharides
that include among their sugar groups at least one sialic
acid residue
 Classification by Structure
3. Derived Lipids
 These are the derivatives obtained by the
hydrolysis of simple and compound lipids.
The most commonly derived lipids are
steroids.

TSCI 104
Advanced Chemistry 23
 Classification by Structure
Steroids
 are the compounds containing a cyclic steroid nucleus called
cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene (CPPP). There are
several steroids in the biological system. These include
cholesterol, bile acids, vitamin D, sex hormones,
adrenocortical hormone

TSCI 104
Advanced Chemistry 24
A. Cholesterol
 most abundant steroid in the human body
 serves as a plasma membrane component in all
animal cells
Lipoproteins
 Cholesterol, along with fat, is transported by lipoproteins
 Kinds of lipoproteins:
1. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) (“good cholesterol”), which consists
of about 33% protein and about 30% cholesterol
2. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (“bad cholesterol”), which contains
only 25% protein but 50% cholesterol
3. Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), which mostly carries
triglycerides (fats) synthesized by the liver
4. Chylomicrons, which carry dietary lipids synthesized in the intestines
B. Steroid Hormones
Adrenocorticoid Hormones
 these hormones classify into two groups
according to function: Mineralocorticoids
regulate the concentrations of ions (mainly Na1
and K1), ex. Aldosterone, and glucocorticoids
control carbohydrate metabolism, ex. Cortisol.
B. Steroid Hormones
Sex Hormones
 The most important male sex hormone is testosterone
 Female sex hormones, the most important of which is
estradiol
C. Bile Salts
 are oxidation products of cholesterol
 are powerful detergents
 bile salts remove excess cholesterol in two ways:
(1) They are themselves breakdown products of cholesterol (so
cholesterol is eliminated via bile salts),
(2) they solubilize deposited cholesterol in the form of bile salt–
cholesterol particles
Prostaglandins
a group of fatty-acid-like substances
are synthesized in the body from arachidonic acid
Thromboxanes
are derived from PGH2, but their ring is a cyclic
acetal
Leukotrienes
 are another group of substances that act to mediate
hormonal responses
SUMMARY
Membrane
Storage Components Messenger

Function as

Lipids

Simple Complex Derivative

Prostaglandins,
Triglycerides Phospholipids Glycolipids Steroids Thromboxanes
, Leukotrienes

Cholesterol Bile Salts

Glycerophosph
olipids Sphingolipids
Steroid
Hormones
End of Session
#
TSCI 104
Advanced
Chemistry