Chapter 2

Frequency Distributions and Graphs

Section 2-2
Organizing Data
Chapter 2
Frequency Distributions and Graphs

Section 2-2
Exercise #7
A survey was taken on how much trust people place in
the information they read on the Internet. Construct a
categorical frequency distribution for the data.
A = trust in everything they read,
M = trust in most of what they read,
H = trust in about half of what they read,
S = trust in a small portion of what
they read.
M M M A H M S M H M
S M M M M A M M A M
M M H M M M H M H M
A M M M H M M M M M
Class Tally f Percent
A IIII 4 10%
M IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII III 28 70%

H IIII I 6 15%
S II 2 5%
40 100%
M M M A H M S M H M
S M M M M A M M A M
M M H M M M H M H M
A M M M H M M M M M
Chapter 2
Frequency Distributions and Graphs

Section 2-2
Exercise #11
The average quantitative GRE scores for the top 30
graduate schools of engineering are listed below. Construct
a frequency distribution with six classes.
767 770 761 760 771 768 776 771 756 770
763 760 747 766 754 771 771 778 766 762
780 750 746 764 769 759 757 753 758 746
H = 780 L = 746
Range = 780 – 746 = 34
Width = 34 ÷ 6 = 6.6 or 7
Use Rule 2:
Width = 7
 Limits Boundaries f cf
745 – 751 744.5 – 751.5 4 4
752 – 758 751.5 – 758.5 5 9
759 – 765 758.5 – 765.5 7 16
766 – 772 765.5 – 772.5 11 27
773 – 779 772.5 – 779.5 2 29
780 – 786 779.5 – 786.5 1 30
30

H = 780 L = 746
Range = 34
Width = 7
Chapter 2
Frequency Distributions and Graphs

Section 2-2
Exercise #13
The ages of the signers of the Declaration of
Independence are shown below (age is approximate
since only the birth year appeared in the source, and
one has been omitted since his birth year is
unknown). Construct a frequency
distribution for the data using
seven classes.

41 54 47 40 39 35 50 37 49 42 70 32
44 52 39 50 40 30 34 69 39 45 33 42
44 63 60 27 42 34 50 42 52 38 36 45
35 43 48 46 31 27 55 63 46 33 60 62
35 46 45 34 53 50 50
41 54 47 40 39 35 50 37 49 42 70 32
44 52 39 50 40 30 34 69 39 45 33 42
44 63 60 27 42 34 50 42 52 38 36 45
35 43 48 46 31 27 55 63 46 33 60 62
35 46 45 34 53 50 50

Range = 70 – 27 = 43 H = 70
Width = 43 ÷ 7 = 6.1 or 7 L = 27
 Limits Boundaries f cf
27 – 33 26.5 – 33.5 7 7
34 – 40 33.5 – 40.5 14 21
41 – 47 40.5 – 47.5 15 36
48 – 54 47.5 – 54.5 11 47
55 – 61 54.5 – 61.5 3 50
62 – 68 61.5 – 68.5 3 53
69 – 75 68.5 – 75.5 2 55
55

Range = 43 H = 70
Width = 6.1 or 7 L = 27
Chapter 2
Frequency Distributions and Graphs

Section 2-3
Exercise #1
Histograms, Frequency
Polygons, and Ogives
For 108 randomly selected college applicants, the
following frequency distribution for entrance exam
scores was obtained. Construct a histogram,
frequency polygon, and ogive for the data.
Class limits Frequency
90 – 98 6
99 – 107 22
108 – 116 43
117 – 125 28
126 – 134 9
 Limits Boundaries f
90 – 98 89.5 – 98.5 6
99 – 107 98.5 – 107.5 22
108 – 116 107.5 – 116.5 43
117 – 125 116.5 – 125.5 28
126 – 134 125.5 – 134.5 9
50
40
Frequency

30
20
10
0
89.5 98.5 107.5 116.5 125.5 134.5
Score
 60
Frequency
40

20

0
85 94 103 112 121 130 139
Score
 Cumulative
Frequency
100
120

20
40
60
80

0
89
.5

98
.5
10
Score 7.5
11
6.5
12
5.5
13
4.5
Applicants who score above 107 need not enroll in a summer
developmental program. In this group, how many students do
not have to enroll in the
developmental program?
Limits Boundaries f cf
90 – 98 89.5 – 98.5 6 6
99 – 107 98.5 – 107.5 22 28
108 – 116 107.5 – 116.5 43 71
117 – 125 116.5 – 125.5 28 99
126 – 134 125.5 – 134.5 9 108

Eighty applicants do not need to enroll in

the summer programs.
Chapter 2
Frequency Distributions and Graphs

Section 2-3
Exercise #7
Histograms, Frequency
Polygons, and Ogives
The air quality measured for selected cities in the United
States for 1993 and 2002 are shown. The data are the
number of days per year that the cities failed
to meet acceptable standards. Construct
a histogram for both years and see if there
are any notable changes. If so, explain.
 1993 2002
Class Frequency Class Frequency
0 - 27 20 0 - 27 19
28 - 55 4 28 - 55 6
56 - 83 3 56 - 83 2
84 - 111 1 84 - 111 0
112 - 139 1 112 - 139 0
139 - 167 0 139 - 167 3
168 - 195 1 168 - 195 0
 1993
Class Frequency
0 - 27 20
28 - 55 4
56 - 83 3
84 - 111 1
112 - 139 1
139 - 167 0
168 - 195 1
 Frequency (cities)

0
5
10
15
20
25

.5
20

27
.5

4
55
.5
3
83
.5

Days
1993

1
11
1 .5
1

13
9.5
16
7.5
1
 2002
Class Frequency
0 - 27 19
28 - 55 6
56 - 83 2
84 - 111 0
112 - 139 0
139 - 167 3
168 - 195 0
 25 2002
Frequency (cities) 19
20
15
10 6
5 2 3
0
Days
.5
.5

.5

.5
1.5

9.5

7.5
27

55

83
11

13

16
The distribution appears to become
slightly more right-skewed from
1993 to 2002, indicating a modest
improvement in air quality.
Chapter 2
Frequency Distributions and Graphs

Section 2-3
Exercise #15
Histograms, Frequency
Polygons, and Ogives
The number of calories per serving for selected ready -
to - eat cereals is listed here. Construct a frequency
distribution using seven classes. Draw a
histogram, frequency polygon, and ogive for
the data, using relative frequencies.
Describe the shape of the histogram.
130 190 140 80 100 120 220 220 110 100
210 130 100 90 210 120 200 120 180 120
190 210 120 200 130 180 260 270 100 160
190 240 80 120 90 190 200 210 190 180
115 210 110 225 190 130
130 190 140 80 100 120 220 220 110 100
210 130 100 90 210 120 200 120 180 120
190 210 120 200 130 180 260 270 100 160
190 240 80 120 90 190 200 210 190 180
115 210 110 225 190 130

H = 270
L = 80
Range = 270 – 80 = 190
Width = 190 ÷ 7 = 27.1 or 28
 Limits Boundaries f rf crf
80 – 107 79.5 – 107.5 8 0.17 0.17
108 – 135 107.5 – 135.5 13 0.28 0.45
136 – 163 135.5 – 163.5 2 0.04 0.49
164 – 191 163.5 – 191.5 9 0.20 0.69
192 – 219 191.5 – 219.5 8 0.17 0.86
220 – 247 219.5 – 247.5 4 0.09 0.95
248 – 275 247.5 – 275.5 2 0.04 0.99*
* due to rounding 0.99*

H = 270 Range = 190

L = 80 Width = 27.1 or 28
 0.3 The histogram has two peaks.
0.25
Relative Frequency

0.2

0.15
0.1

0.05

0
- 163.5
- 107.5
79.5
-

191.5
-
219.5
-
135.5
-

275.5
-
247.5
-
Calories
 296.5
267.5
238.5
209.5
Calories
181.5
151.5
122.5
93.5
64.5
0.15

0.05
0.25

0.1
0.3

0.2

0
Relative Frequency
 275.5
247.5
219.5
191.5

Calories
163.5
135.5
107.5
79.5
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
1

0
Frequency
Cumulative Relative
Chapter 2
Frequency Distributions and Graphs

Section 2-4
Exercise #1
Other Types of Graphs
The population of federal prisons, according to the most
serious offenses, consists of the following. Make a Pareto
chart of the population.

Violent offenses 12.6%

Property offenses 8.5%
Drug offenses 60.2%
Public order offenses
Weapons 8.2%
Immigration 4.9%
Other 5.6%
 Immigration
Other
Weapons
Propert
y
Offense
sViolent
Offense
s
Drug
Offenses

30

20
10
50

0
40
70
60
Percent
Chapter 2
Frequency Distributions and Graphs

Section 2-4
Exercise #7
Other Types of Graphs
The data represent the personal consumption (in billions of
dollars) for tobacco in the United States. Draw a time series
graph for the data and explain the trend.
Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Amount 8.5 8.7 9.0 9.3 9.6 9.9 10.2 10.4
 Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Amount 8.5 8.7 9.0 9.3 9.6 9.9 10.2 10.4
11
Consumption
($ billions)

10

8
96
97
98

00
01
02
95

Year 99
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
The personal consumption of tobacco is
increasing over time.
Chapter 2
Frequency Distributions and Graphs

Section 2-4
Exercise #11
Other Types of Graphs
The assets of the richest 1% of Americans are distributed as
follows. Make a pie chart for the percentages.
Principal residence 7.8%
Liquid assets 5.0%
Pension accounts 6.9%
Stock, mutual funds, and personal 31.6
trusts %
Businesses and other real estate 46.9
%
Miscellaneous 1.8%
Principal residence 7.8% 28.08 °
Liquid assets 5.0% 18.0 °
Pension accounts 6.9% 24.84 °
Stock, funds, and trusts 31.6% 113.76
°
Businesses & real estate 46.9% 168.84
°
Miscellaneous 1.8% 6.48 °
Total 100% 360 °
 Principal
Residence
Misc. 1.8% 7.8% Liquid Assets
5.0%
Pension
Accounts
6.9%

Businesses & Stocks, Funds, and

Real Estate Trusts 31.6%
46.9%
Chapter 2
Frequency Distributions and Graphs

Section 2-4
Exercise #15
Other Types of Graphs
The age at inauguration for each U.S. President is shown
below. Construct a stem and leaf plot and analyze the data.

57 54 52 55 51 56
61 68 56 55 54 61
57 51 46 54 51 52
57 49 54 42 60 69
58 64 49 51 62 64
57 48 50 56 43 46
61 65 47 55 55 54
4 2 3
4 6 6 7 8 9 9
5 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8
6 0 1 1 1 2 4 4
6 5 8 9
57 54 52 55 51 56
61 68 56 55 54 61
57 51 46 54 51 52
57 49 54 42 60 69
58 64 49 51 62 64
57 48 50 56 43 46
61 65 47 55 55 54
4 2 3
4 6 6 7 8 9 9
5 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8
6 0 1 1 1 2 4 4
6 5 8 9

The majority of the Presidents were in

their 50’s at inauguration.