Find The Hidden

Words
Find the Hidden Words
Find the Hidden Words
Find the Hidden Words
Mass Relationships in
Chemical Reactions
Learning Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:

 Construct mole or mass ratios for a reaction in order to calculate the amount of
reactant needed or amount of product formed in terms of moles or mass.

 Calculate percent yield and theoretical yield of the reaction.

 Explain the concept of limiting and excess reagent in a chemical reaction.

 1
Amounts of
Reactants and
Products
General approach for solving stoichiometry problems

Mass (g) of Moles of atoms, molecules,

compound Molar mass compound Avogadro’s formula units
compound number

1  mol   C 6.022 ×10 23 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝐶 23

10. 0 0  g  C × =0.8326 mol C × =5.014 ×10 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 C
1 2.0 1   g  C 1  mol   C
1  mol   C 6.022 ×10 23 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝐶 23
10. 0 0  g  C × × =5.014 ×10 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 C
1 2.0 1   g  C 1  mol   C
 General approach for solving stoichiometry problems

atoms, molecules, Moles of Mass (g) of

formula units Avogadro’s compound Molar mass compound
number compound

10.00g C

10.00g C
General approach for solving stoichiometry problems

Compound A + Compound B  Product

Mass (g) of Mass (g) of

compound A compound B

Use molar Use molar

mass g/mol of mass g/mol of
compound A compound B

Use molar ratio of A and B

Moles of Moles of
compound A from balanced chemical equation compound B
 How much
product will be How much
formed from starting material
specific ? must be used to
amounts of obtain a
starting specific amount
materials of product?
(reactants)?
MOLAR MOLE
MASS CONCEPT
Mole Method
● Whether the units given for reactants (or products) are
moles, grams, liters (for gases), or some other units, we
use moles to calculate the amount of product formed in a
reaction.

● Simply means that the stoichiometric coefficients in a

chemical equation can be interpreted as the number of
moles of each substance.
Mole Method
● Industrially ammonia is synthesized from hydrogen and
nitrogen as follows:

N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3

● One molecule of N2 reacts with three molecule of H2 to

form two molecules of NH3
Mole Method
N + 3H 2 2 → 2NH3

● It follows that the relative numbers of moles are

the same as the relative number of molecules:
Mole Method
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3

● 1 mole of N2 gas combines with 3 moles of H2 gas to form 2 moles of NH3

gas
● In stoichiometric calculations, we say that three moles of H 2 are
equivalent to two moles of NH3

● The symbol means “stoichiometrically equivalent to” or simply

“equivalent to.” This relationship enables us to write the conversion
factors
Mole Method
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3

● 6.0 moles of H2 react completely with N2 to form NH3.

Calculate the amount of NH3 produced in moles.

4.0  mol NH 3 
Mole Method
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3

● Now suppose 16.0 g of H2 react completely with N2 to form NH3.

How many grams of NH3 will be formed?

grams of H2 → moles H2 → moles of NH3 → grams of NH3

● Convert mass to moles.

Mole Method
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3

● Now suppose 16.0 g of H2 react completely with N2 to form NH3.

How many grams of NH3 will be formed?

grams of H2 → moles H2 → moles of NH3 → grams of NH3

● Calculate the number of mole of NH3 produced.

Mole Method
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3

● Now suppose 16.0 g of H2 react completely with N2 to form NH3. How

many grams of NH3 will be formed?

grams of H2 → moles H2 → moles of NH3 → grams of NH3

● Finally, convert mole of NH3 to mass NH3.

90.1  g NH 3
N = 1 mol x 14.01g = 14.01 g/mol
H = 3 mol x 1.008gg = 3.024 g/mol
17.03 g/mol NH3
Mole Method
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3

● Now suppose 16.0 g of H2 react completely with N2 to form NH3. How

many grams of NH3 will be formed?

grams of H2 → moles H2 → moles of NH3 → grams of NH3

● Solution

90.1  g NH 3
Mole Method
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3

● Now suppose 16.0 g of H2 react completely with N2 to form NH3. How

many grams of NH3 will be formed?

grams of H2 → moles H2 → moles of N2 → grams of N2

● Calculate the mass in grams of N2

General approach for solving stoichiometry problems

Compound A + Compound B  Product

Mass (g) of Mass (g) of

compound A compound B

Use molar Use molar

mass g/mol of mass g/mol of
compound A compound B

Use molar ratio of A and B

Moles of Moles of
compound A from balanced chemical equation compound B
General approach for solving stoichiometry problems

 Write a balanced equation for the reaction.

Example 1:
The food we eat is degraded, or broken down, in our bodies to provide energy for
growth and function. A general overall equation for this very complex process
represents the degradation of glucose (C 6 H12O6) to carbon dioxide (CO2) and
water (H2O):

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

If 856 g of C6 H12O6 is consumed by a person over a certain period, what is the

mass of CO2 produced?
General approach for solving stoichiometry problems

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

 Convert the given amount of the reactant (in grams or other units) to
number of moles.
General approach for solving stoichiometry problems

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

 Use the mole ratio from the balanced equation to calculate the number of
moles of product formed.

28.50  mol CO 2
General approach for solving stoichiometry problems

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

 Convert the moles of product to grams (or other units) of product.

1.25 ×  10 3   g   CO 2  
General approach for solving stoichiometry problems

● After some practice, the conversion steps can be combine:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

grams of C6H12O6 → moles C6H12O6 → moles of CO2 → grams of CO2

General approach for solving stoichiometry problems

Example 2:

All alkali metals react with water to produce hydrogen gas and the
corresponding alkali metal hydroxide. A typical reaction is that between
lithium and water:

2Li(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2LiOH(aq) + H2(g)

How many grams of Li are needed to produce 9.89 g of H 2?

General approach for solving stoichiometry problems

Solution:

grams of H2 → moles H2 → moles of Li → grams of Li

1 mol  H2 2 mol  Li 6.941  g  Li 68.1  g   Li
2.016 g  H2 1 mol  H 2 1 mol  Li
 Practice Exercise

Methanol (CH3OH) burns in air according to the equation

2CH3OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 4H2O

If 209 g of methanol are used up in a combustion process, what is the mass of

H2O produced?
 Practice Exercise
2CH3OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 4H2O

Solution:

H2O
 Practice Exercise

The reaction between nitric oxide (NO) and oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide
(NO2) is a key step in photochemical smog formation:

2NO + O2 → 2NO2

How many grams of O2 are needed to produce 2.21 g of NO2?

 Practice Exercise

2NO + O2 → 2NO2

Solution:

O2 O2
General approach for solving stoichiometry problems

Compound A + Compound B  Product

Mass (g) of Mass (g) of

compound A compound B

Use molar Use molar

mass g/mol of mass g/mol of
compound A compound B

Use molar ratio of A and B

Moles of Moles of
compound A from balanced chemical equation compound B
 2
Limiting
&
Excess
Reagent
 Limiting Excess
Reagent Reagent
The reactants present in
The reactant used up first in
quantities greater than
a reaction and determines
necessary to react with the
the product formed.
quantity of the limiting
reagent.
Limiting Reagent
The concept of the limiting reagent is analogous to making of cheese
sandwiches.

1 slice of cheese + 2 slices of bread ⟶ 1 sandwich

Stoichiometric amounts of sandwich ingredients for this

recipe are bread and cheese slices in a 2:1 ratio.
Limiting Reagent

Limiting Reagent: Cheese

Excess Reagent: Slices of Bread

Example:

Consider the industrial synthesis of methanol (CH 3OH) from carbon

monoxide and hydrogen at high temperatures:

CO(g) + 2H2(g) → CH3OH(g)

Suppose, we have 4 moles of CO and 6 moles of H 2. Calculate the number of

moles of CH3OH obtained based on the initial quantities of CO and H 2.
Example:
CO(g) + 2H2(g) → CH3OH(g)

● Calculate the moles of CH3OH by using the CO and H2 to determine the

limiting and excess reagent.
4  mol CH 3OH

3  mol  CH 3OH

Limiting Reagent: H2

Excess Reagent: CO
Example:
Urea [(NH2)2CO] is prepared by reacting ammonia with carbon dioxide:

2NH3(g) + CO2(g) → (NH2)2CO(aq) + H2O(l)

In one process, 637.2 g of NH3 are treated with 1142 g of CO2.

(a) Which of the two reactants is the limiting reagent?

(b) Calculate the mass of (NH2)2CO formed.
(c) How much excess reagent (in grams) is left at the end of the reaction?
 Example:
2NH3(g) + CO2(g) → (NH2)2CO(aq) + H2O(l)

(a) Which of the two reactants is the limiting reagent?

Limiting grams of Molar

NH3 → Mass Mole
moles NH Ratio
3 → moles of (NH2)2CO
Reagent
1 mol
grams of CO 2 →  NH3
moles CO1 mol  (NHof2)2CO
2 → moles (NH2)2CO

17.03 g NH 3 2 mol  NH 3

1  mol  CO 2 1 mol  (NH 2)2CO
44.01  g  CO2 1  mol  CO 2 25.95 mol  ( NH2)2CO
Example:
2NH3(g) + CO2(g) → (NH2)2CO(aq) + H2O(l)

(b) Calculate the mass of (NH2)2CO formed.

N = 2 mol x 14.01 g = 28.02 g/mol

H = 4 mol x 1.008 g = 4.032 g/mol
C = 1 mol x 12.01 g = 12.01 g/mol
O = 1 mol x 16.00 g = 16.00 g/mol
60.06 g/mol (NH2)2CO

1124  g ( NH2) 2CO

Example
Example:

2NH3(g) + CO2(g) → (NH2)2CO(aq) + H2O(l)

(c) How much excess reagent (in grams) is left at the end of the reaction?

moles of (NH2)2CO → moles CO2 → grams of CO2

823.4  g  CO 2
Example:

2NH3(g) + CO2(g) → (NH2)2CO(aq) + H2O(l)

(c) How much excess reagent (in grams) is left at the end of the reaction?

The amount of CO2 remaining (in excess) is the difference between the initial
amount (1142 g) and the amount reacted (823.4 g):

mass of CO2 remaining = 1142 g – 823.4 g = 319

319g gCO
CO2
2
Example:
Calculate the mass of magnesium oxide possible if 2.40 g Mg reacts with 10.0
g O2

Mg + O2 → MgO

Given: 2.40 g Mg
10.0 g O2

Solution:
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
 Example:
Limiting
Reagent
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
40.31 g MgO
3.98 g MgO
24.31 g Mg
2 mol MgO
25.19 g MgO
32.0 g Mg
Example:
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO

O2 1.58 g O2

Mass of total excess reagent given – mass of excess reagent consumed in the
reaction

10.0 g O2 – 1.58 g O2 = 8.42 g O2 is in excess

 Practice Exercise
What is the limiting reagent if 76.4 grams of C 2H3Br3 were reacted with 49.1
grams of O2?

4C2H3Br3 + 11O2 → 8CO2 + 6H2O+6Br2

Solution:
 3

Reaction Yield
 Theoretical Actual Yield
Yield
The amount of product actually
The maximum amount of product
that can be produced from a produced when the chemical
given amount of reactant. reaction is carried out in an
experiment.
 Percent Yield

● A comparison of the actual and theoretical yield.

● In general, the higher the yield, the better the results are from the
experiment.
 Percent Yield
Example:

Potassium chlorate decomposes upon slight heating in the presence of a

catalyst, according to the reaction below:

2KClO3(s) → 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)

In a certain experiment, 40.0 g KClO3 is heated until it completely

decomposes. What is the theoretical yield of oxygen gas? The experiment is
performed, the oxygen gas is collected, and its mass is found to be 14.9g.
What is the percent yield for the reaction?
 Percent Yield
Given:
KClO3 = 40.0 g
KClo3 = 122.55 g/mol
O2 = 32.00 g/mol

Solution:

The theoretical yield of O2 is 15.7 g

 Percent Yield
Given:
Actual yield = 14.9 g
Theoretical yield = 15.7 g

Solution:

= 94.9%
94.9%
 Percent Yield
Example:

Upon reaction of 1.274 g of copper sulfate with excess zinc metal, 0.392 g
copper metal was obtained according to the equation:

CuSO4(aq) + Zn(s) ⟶ Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq)

What is the percent yield?

 Percent Yield
Solution:

The provided information identifies copper sulfate as the limiting reactant,

and so the theoretical yield is found by:
 Percent Yield

Practice Exercise:

In a chemistry experiment, a student obtained 5.68 g of a product. What is the

percent yield of the product if the theoretical yield was 7.12 g?

79.77%
General approach for solving stoichiometry problems

Compound A + Compound B  Product

Mass (g) of Mass (g) of

compound A compound B

Use molar Use molar

mass g/mol of mass g/mol of
compound A compound B

Use molar ratio of A and B

Moles of Moles of
compound A from balanced chemical equation compound B
 Limiting Excess
Reagent Reagent
The reactants present in
The reactant used up first in
quantities greater than
a reaction and determines
necessary to react with the
the product formed.
quantity of the limiting
reagent.
 Theoretical
Actual Yield
Yield
The amount of product actually
The maximum amount of product
that can be produced from a produced when the chemical
given amount of reactant. reaction is carried out in an
experiment.
 Percent Yield

● A comparison of the actual and theoretical yield.

● In general, the higher the yield, the better the results are from the
experiment.
End
Learning Task
After learning about the Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions, answer the
following:
For uniformity, final answer MUST be in 4 significant figures. Show your
solutions

1. If we have 14.8g of propane, and 34.4g of oxygen

C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
Determine:
a. The limiting reagent

b. The number of moles carbon dioxide produced

c. Mass of excess reagent

Learning Task
2. What would be the limiting reagent if 75 grams of C 2H3Br3 reacted with 50.0
grams of O2 in the following reaction:

4C2H3Br3 + 11O2 → 8CO2 + 6H2O + 6Br2

3. The percent yield for the following reaction was determined to be 84%:
N2(g) + 2H2(g) → N2H4(l)

How many grams of hydrazine (N2H4) can be produced when 38.36 g of

nitrogen reacts with 6.68 g of hydrogen?
Learning Check
Answer the following. Show your solutions. For uniformity, write your final
answer in 4 significant figures.

1. Suppose 316.0 g aluminum sulfide reacts with 493.0 g of water. What mass
of the excess reactant remains?

Al2S3 + H2O ---> Al(OH)3 + H2S

2. 950.0 grams of copper(II) sulfate are reacted with 460.0 grams of zinc metal.
(a) What is the theoretical yield of Cu?
(b) If 295.8 grams of copper are actually obtained from this reaction, what is
the percent yield?
Learning Check

3. Industrially, nitric acid is produced from ammonia by the Ostwald process in

a series of reactions:

4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(l)

2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g)
3NO2(g) + H2O(l) → 2HNO3(aq) + NO2(aq)

Suppose that each reaction has 100% percent yield, how many grams of
NH3 must be used to produce 0.045 kg of HNO3 by the above procedure?