PYPT

2 PROBLEM
nd
Moiz Muddassir

1
The Phenomenon
A droplet of less viscous liquid on a bath of more viscous liquid will
develop wave like patterns when the entire motion is set into vertical
oscillation. Explain this phenomenon.

2
Parameters Explored
• Surface Tension
• Viscosity
• Frequency
• Amplitude
• Hydro-Static Pressure

3
Causation
The oscillations apply hydrostatic pressure to the bath which causes
water to pool together at the crests of each oscillation and move away
from the trough.

A more intuitive way to imagine it is like sound waves when air thins at
the rarefactions and gathers at the connections so just imagine instead
of air there is water and the water carries the same phenomenon as
sound waves travelling through air.

4
Faraday Instability
When a fluid is set into vertical Motion with a frequency and amplitude
exceeding a critical Value then gravity and capillary waves emerge in
the bath.

5
Faraday Instability
For faraday Instability in Viscous Liquids we have to look at a few things.
Firstly we look at the oscillation as a fluctuation gravity for a stable bath
rather than stable gravity for a moving bath.

6
Modular Frequency
Frequency Does not have to be linear it can be a combination of may
different frequencies however it has little impact on the floating drop
because for very high frequencies and low amplitudes for which the
less viscous drop oscillates, the difference it peaks becomes negligible.

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Faraday Instability
Next Since we are talking about 2 fluids of differing viscosity we must
write down their corresponding Naiver Stokes equations which will
later reduce to an Eigen value problem and give us our Critical Value
Plot.

8
Connection
How we get from the previous equations to the form I am about to
show you is outside the scope of this competition and requires 4 pages
of Complex math.

However the basic technique is that we use boundary conditions to

make sure that the partial differential equation is continuous, Meaning
it does not break.

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Faraday Instability
Now we have to modify these equations to get them to match the
fourier-floquet form which gives us the eigenvalues
This results in the following equation.

Units: Dimensionless Because

different units are being added
Just a value.
10
Eigen Value Problem
Now what the previous slide gives us are the elements of two matrices
A and B and from these we must find all the eigenvalues of the
corresponding matrix

11
Plot
To trace the curve of critical values we must Find the Eigen values for all
possible K and A of the system. We can do that in many ways, power
method works best for me because I only take a small sample.

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13
MATLAB theoretical analysis
This graph shows the theoretical
Critical Points of Glycerin and
Water. The reason they have been
plotted on the same curves is
because the parts of the curve
where the Glycerin is stable but
the water isn’t, is when the
floating drop will elicit faraday
waves.

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Depth
This slide is to clarify that depth is not relevant to the phenomenon
because when the floating droplet is under instability the bath has to
be stable and if the bath is stable then rebound waves from the bottom
do not play any role.

In a normal bath it would play a role because the waveforms would

interact.

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Faraday Instability
Now you may have noticed that the graphs are similar that is because
viscosity acts only as a dampening force, meaning it dissipates energy.
More energy is required to achieve the same effect or waves. No other
difference is measured.

We will come back to this in the experimental section.

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Parameters of the droplet
Now that we have explored why the droplets oscillate and when they
do so it is time to work into what happens to the droplets when it
oscillates. The following parameters will again be explored.
• Density
• Radius of drop
• Amplitude
• Surface Tension
• Frequency

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Shape of drops
The drops have been found of be in one of two shapes, First is an
elongated oval shape perpendicular to wave front and the other is a
random worm like arrangement.

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Shape of drops
The equation governing the shape is actually an Inequality that reads
like.

Units: N/M^2 (Newton per Meter Squared)

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Parameter
The right hand term in the radiation Pressure while the left hand term
is the Capillary Pressure. What this means is that under a certain
threshold the Surface Tension can actually keep the drop together.

20
Worm Like arrangement
However if the radiation pressure of elicited waves in greater then the
surface tension can not keep the drop together and the shape of drop
deteriorates.

21
Factor of elongation

No units top and bottom terms

have the same base units

22
Effect of temperature
Temperature has an effect on the Surface tension of water. Generally it
is reduced when temperature is increased. So to model Surface tension
we will use the same theorem as states before but calculate the surface
tension at that specific temperature. Which can be given by this
formula.

Unit: N/M

23
Note
Since the Question refers only droplets we wont discuss large droplets
for which there is a slightly different equation which incorporates mass
and gravity since waves generated by those phenomenon's are no
longer negligible for higher values.

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Experimental Analysis

25
Experimental Analysis of Faraday Instability
When we experimentally Analyze water and ethanol for their
experimental critical Value we get the results of critical values from
their Eigenvalues expressed in k and Ac/g.

Experimental
Fluid Critical Amplitude Wave number k + -
(Minimum) (mm) + - 2mm
Water  ≈7 ≈ 10
Ethanol  ≈ 7 ≈ 11
Oil  ≈ 35 ≈8

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Experimental Analysis of Faraday Instability
We then performed the Experiment, the Apparatus is the following,

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Critical State for Water

Frequency: 100 C/s Wave Number Elicited: 10 Amplitude: 7mm

Surface Tension: 72 mN/M Density: 1 g/cm^3
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Critical State of Oil

Frequency: 100 C/s Wave Number Elicited: 7 Amplitude: 35 mm

Surface Tension: 26.7 mN/M Density: 0.79 g/cm^3
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Depth (No effect) 2mm deeper

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Comparison Of Oil and water
All parameters are the same except ethanol is now oscillating at a
forcing amplitude of 1cm.

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Experimental

32
PIVLAB analysis

33
Errors
One of the parameters we could not test was modular frequency which
even though is a parameter in theory could not be tested by the
apparatus available to us.

The oscilloscope only outputs pure frequency signals

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NOTE
Exotic Patterns are also incident in a faraday waves. Forexample.

35
NOTE
But according to a paper by https://www.physics.utoronto.ca/~
phy326/far/Douady.pdf
These patterns are only possible if the bath is in direct contact with the
walls of the containers and hence cannot be reproduced in floating
droplets and hence is outside the scope of the experiment.

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37
Conclusion
In Conclusion

Wave length has a proportional relation with faraday instability

Frequency has a linear relation
Viscosity has a inverse proportionality
Surface tension though a minimal role is inversely proportional
Density is also inversely proportional

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Sources
Vibhor Jajoo. Faraday instability in binary fluids. Other [cond-
mat.other]. Université de Bordeaux, 2017. English. ffNNT :
2017BORD0929ff. fftel-01695491

https://blog.espci.fr/laurette/files/2018/01/KT1994JFM279.pdf
https://www.physics.utoronto.ca/~phy326/far/Douady.pdf

special Credit to Laurette Tuckerman for her help in understanding the

phenomenon behind the passage.

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