Vibraciones en pisos de

edificaciones con estructura

de al uso humano
Presented by
Thomas M. Murray, Ph.D., P.E.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
thmurray@vt.edu

26 October 2011

1
 Floor Vibrations

A Critical Serviceability
Consideration
for Steel Framed Floors.

Humans are very sensitive to vertical

floor motion.

2
 Topics

Basic Vibration Terminology

Floor Vibration Fundamentals
Walking Vibrations
Rhythmic Vibrations
Footbridges
Retrofitting

3
BASIC VIBRATION
TERMINOLOGY

4
Period And Frequency

Period t p
5
Natural Frequency
1/ 2
  gEs I t 
f n  
2  wL 4 

6
 Damping
Loss of Mechanical Energy in a
Vibrating System

Critical Damping
Smallest Amount of Viscous Damping
Required to Prevent Oscillation of a
Free Vibrating System
7
 Harmonics

 
0.3

Ground Reaction (kip)

0.25

Footstep =   i P cos 2 i f step t

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Time (sec.)

1st Harmonic f 1  1  f step

1P

2nd Harmonic
2P
f 2  2  f step

3rd Harmonic f 3  3  f step

3P 8
 Acceleration Ratio

Acceleration Of A System, ap
Ratio =
Acceleration Of Gravity, ag

Usually Expressed As %g.

0.5%g is the Human Tolerance

Level for Quite Environments.
9
Effective Weight

10
FLOOR VIBRATION
FUNDAMENTALS

11
 The Power of Resonance
2 - 3% Damping
Floor Response

5 - 7% Damping

Natural frequency, fn
Forcing frequency, f
0 1 2
12
 Phenomenon of Resonance
• Resonance can also occur when a
multiple of the forcing function
frequency equals a natural frequency of
the floor.
• Usually concerned with the first natural
frequency.
• Resonance can occur because of walking
dancing, or exercising.
13
 Response from a Lightly
Damped Floor

System Frequency
0.5
5 Hz – 3rd Harmonic
Measured Autospectrum (Peak, %g)

0.4

0.3
2nd Harmonic
3.33 Hz
0.2 Walking
Speed
0.1 100 bpm

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Frequency (Hz)
14
 Human Tolerance Criterion

A Tolerance Criterion has two parts:

• Prediction of the floor response to a
specified excitation.
• Human response/tolerance

15
AISC/CISC Design Guide

FloorVibe v2.02
Software for Analyzing
Floors for Vibrations
Criteria Based on AISC/CISC Design
Guide 11

SEI

Structural Engineers, Inc.

537 Wisteria Drive
Radford, VA 24141
540-731-3330 Fax 540-639-0713
tmmurray@floorvibe.com
http://www.floorvibe.com

16
 25 _
_
Rhythmic Activities _ _ _ DG11 Uses
10 _ _ _ _
__ _
Outdoor Footbridges
_ the Modified
Peak Acceleration (% Gravity)

__ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _
5 ........... . . . . . . . . . _. . . .
Indoor Footbridges,
_ _
ISO Scale for
__ _
2.5 __ Shopping Malls, _ _
_Dining _ Human
_ __
_ _ and Dancing _
. . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ . . . . . . . ._. _. . . .
_ Tolerance
1 _ __ _ _
__ Offices, _
_ _ Residences_ _
_
0.5 . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.25 _
_ _
_ _
0.1 _ _ _ ISO Baseline Curve for_ _
_ _ RMS Acceleration_ _
__
_ _ ___ _ _
0.05
1 3 4 5 8 10 25 40
17
Frequency (Hz)
NATURAL FREQUENCY
OF
STEEL FRAMED
FLOOR SYSTEMS

18
Fundamental Natural Frequency
Uniformly Loaded – Simply
Supported Beam
1/ 2
  gE sIt 
fn   4  (Hz.) (3.1)
2  wL 

f n  0.18 g /  (Hz.) (3.3)

  5wL 4 / 384Es I t 
19
 Fundamental Frequencies

f n  0.18 g /  Hz  Member

f n  0.18 g /( b  g) Bay

f n  0.18 g /(b  g  c) System

20
 Loads for Vibration Analysis

  5wL 4 / 384Es I t  w  D L

D: Actual Load
L: 11 psf for Paper Office
6-8 psf for Electronic Office
6 psf for Residence
0 psf for Malls, Churches, Schools
21
Section Properties - Beam/Girder

b (< 0.4 L)

• Fully Composite
• Effect Width
• n = Es/1.35Ec
22
 A Frequently Asked Question
Why is the full composite moment of
inertia used in the frequency calculations
even when the beam or girder is non-
composite?
f n  0.18 g /( b   g)

  5wL 4 / 384Es I t 

23
 A Frequently Asked Question
Why is the full composite moment of
inertia used in the frequency calculations
even when the beam or girder is non-
composite?

Annoying vibrations have displacements

of 1-3 mm. Thus, the interface shear is
negligible, so its acts as fully composite.
24
 Minimum Frequency

To avoid resonance with the first

harmonic of walking, the
minimum frequency must be
greater than 3 Hz. e.g.

fn > 3 Hz

25
 DESIGN FOR
WALKING EXCITATION

26
Walking Vibrations Criterion

Predicted  Tolerance

ap Po exp( 0.35 f n) ao
 
g W g

27
 Walking Vibrations Criterion

ap = peak acceleration ap Po exp(  0.35 f n) ao

 
ao = acceleration limit g W g
g = acceleration of gravity

fn = fundamental frequency of a beam or joist panel, or a

combined panel, as applicable

Po = a constant force equal to 65 lb for floors and 92 lb for

footbridges
 = modal damping ratio (0.01 to 0.05 or 1% to 5%)
W = effective weight supported by the beam or joist panel,
girder panel, or combined panel, as applicable
28
 25 _
_ _
Rhythmic Activities _ _
10 _ _ _ _
_ _ Outdoor Footbridges_ _ Modified
Peak Acceleration (% Gravity)

__ _ _ _
_ _
5 ........... _ _ _ _ . . . . . . . . . _. . . .
_ ISO Scale
Indoor Footbridges,
_ _
__
2.5 __ Shopping Malls, _ _
_ _
_Dining __
_ _ and Dancing _
. . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ . . . . . . . ._. _. . . .
_ _
1 _ __ _
__ Offices, _
_ _ Residences _ _
_
0.5 . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.25 _
_ _
_ _
0.1 _ _ _ ISO Baseline Curve for _
_ _ RMS Acceleration_ _ _
__
__ _ __ _ _
0.05
1 3 4 5 8 10 25 40
29
Frequency (Hz)
 Parameters
Table 4.1
Recommended Values of Parameters in Equation (4.1) and a o /g Limits

Occupancy Constant Force Damping Ratio Acceleration Limit

Po ao/g x 100%

Offices, Residences, *
Churches 65 lb (0.29 kN) 0.02 – 0.05 0.5%

Shopping Malls 65 lb (0.29 kN) 0.02 1.5%

Footbridges - Indoor 0.01 1.5%

92 lb (0.41 kN)
Footbridges - Outdoor 92 lb (0.41 kN) 0.01 5.0%

* 0.02 for floors with few non-structural components (ceilings, ducts, partitions,
etc.) as can occur in open work areas and churches,
0.03 for floors with non-structural components and furnishings, but with only
small demountable partitions typical of many modular office areas,
0.05 for full height partitions between floors. 30
Estimating Modal Damping, β

Structural System – 0.01 (1%)

Ceiling and Ductwork – 0.01(1%)
Electronic Office Fitout – 0.005 (0.5%)
Paper Office Fitout – 0.01 (1%)
Churches, Schools, Malls – 0%
Dry Wall Partitions in Bay – 0.05 to 0.10
5% to 10%

Note: Damping is cumulative.

31
 Important

Use very low live load (6-8 psf or

0.27-0.35 kPa) and low modal
damping (2% – 2.5%) for electronic
office floor systems.

See Floor Vibration and the

Electronic Office in Modern Steel
Construction August 1998
32
Equivalent Combined Mode
Panel Weight (W in Eqn. 2.3)

j g
W Wj  Wg (4.4)
 j  g  j  g

ap Po exp(  0.35 f n) ao
 
g W g

33
 Beam and Girder Panel
Effective Weights

Beam Panel:
W j = ( w j / S) B j L j

Girder Panel:
W g = ( w g / L j,avg) Bg Lg

34
 Beam Panel Width

Bj = Beam Panel
Width

35
 Effective Beam Panel Width

1/ 4
B j  C j(Ds /D j) L j  2 / 3 × Floor Width

Cj = 2.0 For Beams In Most Areas

= 1.0 For Beams at a Free Edge
(Balcony)
Dj = Ij/S (in4/ft)
36
 Section Properties - Slab
12” ´

de=dc-ddeck /2
____

A = (12 / n) de
3
Ds  (12 / n)(de / 12) in4/ ft
1 .5

Ec w f c f’c in ksi

n = Es/1.35 Ec
37
 Beam or Joist Panel
Effective Weights

For hot-rolled beams or joists

with extended bottom chords, Wj
can increased 50% if an adjacent
span is greater than 0.7 x the span
considered. That is,

Wj = 1.5(wj/S)BjLj
38
 Effective Girder Panel Width

Bg = Girder
Panel
Width

39
 Effective Girder Panel Width

Bg = Cg(Dj/Dg)1/4 Lg  2/3 × Floor Length

Cg = 1.6 For Girders Supporting Joists

Connected Only to a Girder Flange
= 1.8 For Girders Supporting Beams
Connected to a Girder Web
Dg = Ig/Lj,avg in4/ft
40
 Constrained Bays
Girder Deflection Reduction Factor for
Constrained Bays:
If Lg < Bj, substitute:

Lg Lg
g  g with  0 .5 (4.5)
Bj Bj

for g in Equation (4.4) and in Frequency Eq.

41
Example

42
W21 × 44 W24 × 55

W14 × 22
2.00
d e = 3.50 + = 4.50”
2
W18 × 35

3.50”

Lj = 45´
2.00”
W14 × 22

W18 × 35
W14 × 22
S
Section
W21 × 44 Floor Width = 30 ft
4 SPA @ 7´- 6´´ =30´= L g Floor Length = 90 ft
Paper Office 43
Gravity Loads:
LL : 11 psf (0.5 kPa) (For Vibration Analysis)
Mech. & Ceiling : 4 psf (0.2 kPa)

Deck Properties:
Concrete: wc = 110 pcf f’c = 4000 psi
Floor Thickness = 3.50 in. + 2 in. ribs
= 5.50 in.
Slab + Deck Weight = 47 psf
44
 Member Properties

Beam Properties Girder Properties

W18 × 35 W24 × 55
A = 10.30 in.2 A = 16.20 in.2
Ix = 510 in.4 Ix = 1350 in.4

d = 17.70 in. d = 23.57 in.

45
 Beam Mode Properties

Effective Concrete Slab Width = 7.5 ft < 0.4 Lj

= 0.4 x 45 = 18 ft.
Ec  w1.5 f c  110 4.0  2307 ksi
1.5

n = modular ratio = Es/1.35Ec

= 29000 / (1.35 x 2307)
= 9.31
Ij = transformed moment of inertia = 1799 in4
46
 Beam Mode Properties Cont.

wj = 7.5 (11 + 47 + 4 + 35/7.5) = 500 plf

4
5w jLj 5  500  454  1728
j   6
 0.885 in.
384 EIj 384  29  10  1799

g
f j  0.18 Equation (3.3)
j

386
 0.18  3.76 Hz
0.885
47
 Beam Mode Properties Cont.

Ds = (12 / n) (d3 12 ) (12 / 9 . 31)( 4 . 503 12) = 9 . 79 in. 4 / ft

e/ = /
D j = I j / S = 1799 / 7.5 = 240in.4 / ft. Cj = 2.0
Bj = Cj (Ds/ Dj)1/4Lj

= 2.0 (9.79 / 240)1/4(45) = 40.4 ft > 2/3 (30) = 20 ft.

Bj = 20 ft.
Wj = 1.5(wj/S)BjLj (50% Increase)

= 1.5 (500/7.5)(20.0 × 45) = 90,000 lbs = 90.0 kips

48
 Girder Mode Properties
Eff. Slab Width = 0.4 Lg
= 0.4 x 30 x 12
= 144 in. < Lj = 45 x 12 = 540 in.
b = 144”

Ig = 4436 in4
49
 Girder Mode Properties Cont.

wg = Lj (wj/S) + girder weight per unit length

= 45(500/7.5) + 55 = 3055 plf.
5 w g Lg4 5×3055×30 4 × 1728
Δg = = = 0.43 in.
384E sIg 6
384×29×10 × 4436

g 386
f g = 0.18 = 0.18 = 5.37 Hz. (3.3)
Δg 0.433
Dg = Ig / L j = 4436 / 45 = 98.6 in.4 / ft.
50
 Girder Mode Properties Cont.

Cg = 1.8 (Beam Connected To Girder Web)

1/ 4
Bg  Cg(D j /Dg) Lg (4.3b)

= 1.8 (240 / 98.6)1/4 (30) = 67.4 ft > 2/3 (90) = 60

Use
W g  ( w g / L j) Bg Lg (4.2)

=(3055/45)(60 × 30) = 122,200 lb = 122 kips

51
 Combined Mode Properties

Lg = 30 ft < Bj = 20 ft Do Not Reduce

fn = Fundamental Floor Frequency

= 0.18 g /( Δ j + Δ g)
= 0.18 386 /(0.885 + 0.433 )
= 3.08 Hz
52
Combined Mode Properties Cont.

Δj Δg
W= Wj+ Wg
Δ j + Δg Δ j + Δg

0.885 0.433
= (90) + (122)
0.885 + 0.433 0.885 + 0.433

= 100 kips
53
 Evaluation

 = 0.03 from Table 4.1 (Modal Damping Ratio)

W = 0.03 × 100 = 3.0 kips

ap Po exp( 0.35 f n) 65 exp( 0.35  3.08)

 
g W 3000
= 0.0074
= 0.74% g > 0.50% g N.G.

54
 25 _
_ _
Rhythmic Activities _ _
10 _ _ _ _ _
_ _ Outdoor Footbridges_
Peak Acceleration (% Gravity)

__ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _
5 ........... . . . . . . . . . _. . . .
_
Indoor Footbridges,
_ _
__
2.5 __ Shopping Malls, _ _
_ _
_Dining __
_ _ and Dancing _
. . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ . . . . . . . ._. _. . . .
_ _
1 _ __ _
__ Offices, _ Extended by Allen
_ _ Residences_ _
_
0.5 . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . .
and Murray (1993)

0.25 _
_ _
_ _
0.1 _ _ _ ISO Baseline Curve for _
_ _ RMS Acceleration_ _ _
__
_ _ _ __ _ _
0.05
1 3 4 5 8 10 25 40
55
Frequency (Hz)
 Original Design
W18x35 fb = 3.76 hz fn = 3.08 Hz
W24x55 fg = 5.37 hz ap/g=0.74%g

Improved Design
Increase Concrete Thickness 1 in.
W18X35 fb = 3.75 hz fn = 3.04 Hz
W24x55 fg = 5.28 hz ap/g=0.65%g

56
 Original Design
W18x35 fb = 3.76 hz fn = 3.08 Hz
W24x55 fg = 5.37 hz ap/g=0.74%g

Improved Design
Increase Girder Size
W18X35 fb = 3.76 hz fn = 3.33 Hz
W24x84 fg = 7.17 hz ap/g=0.70%g

57
 Original Design
W18x35 fb = 3.76 hz fn = 3.08 Hz
W24x55 fg = 5.37 hz ap/g=0.74%g

Improved Designs
Increase Beam Size
W21x50 fb = 4.84 hz fn = 3.57 Hz
W24x55 fg = 5.29 hz ap/g=0.58%g
W24x55 fb = 5.22 hz fn = 3.71 Hz
W24x55 fg = 5.28 hz ap/g=0.50%g 58
Rule: In design, increase stiffness
of element with lower
frequency to improve
performance.

If beam frequency is less than the girder

frequency, increase the beam frequency to
the girder frequency first, then increase both
until a satisfactory design is obtained.

59
DG11 Floor Width and Length

60
 Floor Width and
Length Example
D
A
B C

Bay Floor Floor

Width Length
A
B
C
D
61
 Floor Width and
Length Example
D
A
B C

Bay Floor Floor

Width Length
A 90 90
B
C
D
62
 Floor Width and
Length Example
D
A
B C

Bay Floor Floor

Width Length
A 90 90
B 150 90
C
D
63
 Floor Width and
Length Example
D
A
B C

Bay Floor Floor

Width Length
A 90 90
B 150 90
C 150 30 (45?)
D
64
 Floor Width and
Length Example
D
A
B C

Bay Floor Floor

Width Length
A 90 90
B 150 90
C 150 30
D 30 90
65
Bg = Cg(Dj/Dg)1/4 Lg  2/3 × Floor Length

66
Bg = Cg(Dj/Dg)1/4 Lg  2/3 × Floor Length
Bays A & B
Bg = 59.9’<2/3Floor

Length

67
Bg = Cg(Dj/Dg)1/4 Lg  2/3 × Floor Length
Bays A & B
Bg = 59.9’<2/3 Floor L
Bays A:
Floor Length = 81’
e.g. (32.5’ + 16” + 32.5’)
Bg=2/3x81 = 54’ < 59.9’
ap/g=0.46%g < 0.5%

68
Bg = Cg(Dj/Dg)1/4 Lg  2/3 × Floor Length
Bays A & B
Bg = 59.9’< 2/3Floor L
Bays A: Bg = 54’
ap/g=0.46%g < 0.5%
OK
Bay B:
Floor Length = 48.5’
e.g. (32.5’ + 16’)
2/3x48.5 =32.3’ < 59.9’
ap/g=0.61%g > 0.5%g
NG

69
 DESIGN FOR
RHYTHMIC EXCITATION

70
Aerobics

71
Balcony Video

72
 Natural Frequency for
Rhythmic Excitation

f n  0.18 g /( b  g  c )

b, g and c are beam, girder and column

deflections due to supported weight
Column deflections may be important for
aerobic excitations.

73
Evaluation Using Acceleration

ap 1. 3 i w p / w t

g 2
 2  2
 f 
 n   1    2  f n 

 f step   
   f step 
 

amax   1
 ap. 51 / 1.5
 ao (1.5 Power Rule)

74
 Frequency versus Span

g
fn  0.18

Note, for a given fn, Δ is constant.

Example. For fn = 5 Hz, g = 386 in/sec2

Δ = 0.5 in regardless of span length!!

75
FOOTBRIDGES

76
Be careful when designing foot-
bridges and crossovers

• Very low damping

• Low frequency
• Lateral Vibrations

77
Troubled Bridge
Over Water
78
VIDEO

79
VIDEO

80
 EVALUATION AND
REMEDIAL MEASURES

81
Methods To Stiffen Floors

Damping
Added Element
Posts

Damping Post
82
 Methods To Stiffen Floors

Cover Plate Steel Rod

Cover Plates and Bottom Chord Reinforcing

Generally do not Work

83
Queen Post Hanger Stiffening

HVAC

Added Queen Post Hanger

84
Queen Post Hanger Stiffening

85
Queen Post Hanger Stiffening

86
 Stiffening Of Girders Supporting
Cantilevered Beams and Joist Seats

Cantilevered
Beam or
Joist Seat

Girder

Stiffener
87
 Pendulum TMD

“Frictionless” Bearings Large Mass ~ 2% Mass Ratio

Coil Spring

Air Dashpot Damping

88
Pendulum TMD

89
 5th Floor - Re s pons e to Walk ing

Walking
Floor Acceleration w /o TMD
0.006

0.004

0.002
Acceleration, g's

0.000

-0.002 Without TMD

-0.004

-0.006
10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0
Tim e , s e conds

5th Floor - Re s pons e to Walk ing

Floor Acceleration w ith TMD

0.006

0.004

0.002
Acceleration, g's

0.000

-0.002

-0.004
With TMD
-0.006
10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0
Tim e , s e conds

90
 Response to Walking
5th Floor Response to Walking

0.016
5.25 Hz. , 0.01523 ips 0-pk
0.014

0.012
Velocity, in/sec 0-pk

0.010
50% Reduction
0.008
5.25 Hz. , 0.00756 ips 0-pk
0.006

0.004

0.002

0.000
0 1 2
Results
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Frequency, Hz.

Floor Velocity w/o TMD

Floor Velocity with TMD

91
92
 Final Thought

Strength is essential but otherwise

unimportant.

Hardy Cross

93
Thank You!!