Lesson:

Carbohydrates

OBJECTIVES:
• Discuss carbohydrates and
differentiate between
monosaccharides and
polysaccharides
Carbohydrates
- the most abundant class of biomolecules
- chief source of energy of almost all living
organism
- Comes from the French term hydrate de
carbone, which means “hydrates of carbon”.
- Sometimes called saccharide, from the
Greek Word sakcharon, meaning “sugar”.
The suffix –ose is used to denote the name
of saccharide.
Sugar, starch and cellulose are groups of carbohydrates and
are all made up of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen. The production of these carbohydrates by green
plants is possible through the process of photosynthesis.
 Types of Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates may be grouped into two:

a. Micromolecule --- monosaccharide

b. Macromolecules --- disaccharide and polysaccharide
Monosaccharides
- Simplest carbohydrates or the
simple sugars
- Unlike other types of sugars,
monosaccharides are the only
sugars that can be absorbed and
utilized by the body.
- Glucose, fructose and galactose are
common examples of simple sugars,
each bearing the same formula of
C6H12O6.
 Monosaccharides
a. Glucose - sometimes referred to as dextrose
- the most abundant monosaccharide
- found in the bloodstream and provides

immediate source of energy of the

body’s cells and tissues

b. Fructose - known as fruit sugar as it is likely to be

found in fruits.
- sweetest among all sugars
- can be found in the nectar of flowers,
molasses and honey

c. Galactose - it is produced by the body through

the digestion of disaccharide lactose.
Disaccharides
- it contain two monosaccharide
units bound together by a
covalent bond known as
glycosidic linkage.
- the sucrose, lactose and maltose
are the examples of
disaccharides
- all disaccharides has a same
molecular formula of C12H22O11
 Disaccharides
a. Sucrose - table sugar
- the most common and most
abundant disaccharide
- glucose + fructose
- mostly found in sugar beets and
sugar cane

b. Maltose - malt sugar

- glucose + glucose

c. Lactose – milk sugar

- galactose + glucose
Polysaccharides
- Carbohydrates that contain 10
monosaccharide units or more.
- Starch, glycogen and cellulose
are the common example of
polysaccharide
- Starch and glycogen differ from
where they are stored.
- Glycogen is stored carbohydrate
in animals while starch is the
stored carbohydrate in plants.
2 Types of
Polysaccharides

a. Homopolysaccharides
b. Heterosaccharides
 2 Types of
Polysaccharides

a. Homopolysaccharides
- it is formed by the same
type of monosaccharide, just
like the starch, glycogen and
cellulose.
 2 Types of
Polysaccharides

a. Heteropolysaccharides
- is formed by different
types of monosaccharides.
Example:
peptidoglycans
 Carbohydrates in the Human Body

The basic role of carbohydrates is

to supply energy. Our body uses
carbohydrates directly from
glucose, a monosaccharide. The
disaccharides and polysaccharides
should be broken down first before
we can use them.

We also need other nutrients such

as proteins, water, vitamins and
minerals.
WRAP-UP