Parts of speech

Review
Direct object
A direct object answers the question "what?" or "whom?"
Examples:
•David repaired his car → his car is the direct object of the verb repaired. ( What did David repair?)
•He invited Mary to the party → Mary is the direct object of the verb invited. (Whom did he invite?)
Indirect Object
An indirect object answers the question "to whom?", "for whom?", "for what?"...
An indirect object is the recipient of the direct object, or an otherwise affected participant in the event.
There must be a direct object for an indirect object to be placed in a sentence.
In other words an indirect object cannot exist without a direct object.
Examples:
•They sent him a postcard - him is the indirect object of the verb sent. (To whom did they send a postcard?)
•He bought his son a bike - his son is the indirect object of the verb bought. (For whom did he buy a bike?)
• Noun
• Pronoun
• Adjectives
• Verb
• Adverb
• Preposition
• Conjunction
• Interjection
Noun
Definition: A person, place, thing, or idea
• Examples:
– cat – fireman – house – pencil – Chicago
Pronoun
Definition: a word used in place of a noun
Examples:
– he – she – it – they – You – we
Personal pronouns & Possessive Pronoun
Subject Object

I me • my mine
you you • your yours
he/she/it him/her/it • his/her/its his/hers/its
we us • our ours
they them • their theirs
Adjective
Definition: a word used to modify (describe) a noun
• Examples:
• – happy - short – sad - tall – red - fat – green – hairy
• (a) Demonstrative: this, that, these, those
• (b) Distributive: each, every; either, neither
• (c) Quantitative: some, any, no; little/few, many, much; one, twenty
• (d) Interrogative: which, what, whose
• (e) Possessive: my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their
• (f) Of quality: clever, dry, fat, golden, good, heavy, square
Adjective (2) – Participle
• Participles used as adjectives Both present participles (ing) and past
participles (ed) can be used as adjectives. Care must be taken not to
confuse them.
• Present participle adjectives, amusing, boring, tiring etc., are active and
mean ‘having this effect’.
• Past participle adjectives, amused, horrified, tired etc., are passive and
mean 'affected in this way'.
• Example
• The play was boring. (The audience was bored.)
• The work was tiring. (The workers were soon tired.)
Adjective (3)
Several variations are possible but a fairly usual order is: adjectives of
• (a) size
• (b) general description (excluding adjectives of personality, emotion etc.)
• (c) age, and the adjective little
• (d) shape
• (e) color
• (f) material
• (g) origin
• (h) purpose (these are really gerunds used to form compound nouns: walking
stick, riding boots).
• a long sharp knife, a small round bath, new hexagonal coins, blue velvet
curtains an old plastic bucket , an elegant French dock
Verb
Definition:
• a word that tells what someone or something does
• an action word or word of being
• Examples:
– sit – laugh – run – jump
Adverb
Definition:
– Can be added to a verb to modify its meaning; can also modify
adjectives and other adverbs
– Tells you when, where, how, in what manner or to what extent an
action is performed
– Many end in “ly” , but not always!
• Examples:
– cheerfully – briskly – wickedly – Delicately – fast – never – now
Adverb (2)
• Manner: bravely, fast, happily, hard, quickly, well
• Place: by, down, here, near, there, up
• Time: now, soon. still, then, today, yet
• Frequency: always, never, occasionally, often, twice
• Sentence: certainly, definitely, luckily, surely
• Degree: fairly, hardly, rather, quite, too, very
• Interrogative: when? where? why? Relative: when, where, why
(A Many adverbs of manner and some adverbs of degree) are formed by
adding -ly to the corresponding adjectives:
• grave, gravely immediate, immediately slow, slowly
• Spelling notes (a) A final y changes to i: happy, happily.
(b) A final e is retained: extreme, extremely.
Preposition
Definition:
• – a word placed BEFORE a noun or pronoun to show its location or
direction
• – May also show a noun or pronoun’s relationship to some other
word in the sentence
• Examples:
• – to - at – with - for – against - across – by - in – from
Conjunction
Definition: a word used to connect other words, phrases, and clauses
• • Examples: – and – but – or
Interjection
Definition:
• – a word that expresses strong or sudden emotion
• – Used as an exclamation (!) by itself or with a comma following it if
used at the beginning of a sentence
• – capable of standing by itself

• Examples:
– Oh dear! – My goodness! – Wow! – Ouch! – Yes, – No,
Exercises
• 1. The little dog ran.
• 2. Oh! You scared me!
• 3. The snow fell softly.
• 4. The house was red and small.
• 5. Pat and Joe quickly raked the leaves.
• 6. The boys fished in the gurgling stream.
• 7. The earth travels around the sun.
• 8. Math or English is my favorite subject.