Masonry [stone and Brick]

• Masonry may be defined as the construction

of building units bonded together with mortar.
• Units : stone, bricks , concrete blocks, mud
blocks etc
• Used for construction of foundation,walls,
sometimes columns and other components of
building.
 Advantage of masonry
• 1. supports the loads
• 2. subdividing the space
• 3. providing thermal and acoustic insulation
• 4. affording fire and weather protection.
 Terms used in Masonry
Course: A course is a horizontal layer of a masonry
unit.

Header: is a full stone unit or brick which is so laid

that its length is perpendicular to the face of wall.
Stretcher: is a full stone unit or brick which is so laid
that its length is along or parallel to the face of the
wall.
Header course: A course of brick work showing only
headers on the exposed face of the wall.

Stretcher course: A course of brick work showing

only the stretchers on the exposed face of wall.
Bed: lower surface of a brick.
Bond: applied to overlapping of bricks or stones in
alternate courses.
Quions: The exterior angle or corner of a wall is known
as quions.
Face: it is the surface of the
exposed to the weather.

Back: the inner surface of the wall which is not

exposed to weather.
11. Facing: the material used in the face of the
wall is known as facing.
12. Hearting: the inner portion of the wall
between facing and backing .
CLASSIFICATION OF STONE MASONRY

• Rubble Masonry
• Ashlar Masonry
 Rubble Masonry
(a) Random
(a) Un-coursed
(b) Built to courses.
(b) Square rubble
(a) Un-coursed
(b) Built to courses
(c) Regular coursed
(c) Miscellaneous
(a) Polygonal walling
(b) Flint walling
(d) Dry rubble masonry
 1. Random Rubble : Un-coursed
• Roughest and cheapest form of stone walling.
• Stone used are of widely different sizes.
• Greater care and ingenuity have to be
exercised in arranging.
• Should be able to distribute the pressure over
maximum area and same time long
continuous joints are avoided.
Discon
tinued
joint
 2. Random Rubble: Built to courses
• Method of construction is same as uncoursed.
• Masonry is roughly levelled up to form courses
varying from 30 to 45cm thick.
• All the courses are not of same height.
 3. Square rubble: uncoursed
• Stones having straight bed and side
• Usually squared and brought to hammer
dressed or straight cut finish.
• They are arranged on face in several irregular
pattern.
 4. Square Rubble: Built to courses
• Same stones as used for as coursed square
rubble.
• But the work is levelled up to courses of
varying depth.
• Courses are of uniform heights.
 5. Square rubble: Regular coursed
• Wall consists of various courses of varying
heights but the height of stones in one
particular course is the same.
 6. Polygonal walling
• Stones are hammer finished on face to an
irregular polygonal shape.
• Stones are bedded in position to show face
joints running irregularly in all direction.
• Two types:
– Rough picked: stones are roughly shaped resulting
in rough fitting.
– Close picked : faces of stones are more carefully
formed so that they fit more closely.
7. Flint Walling (Flint rubble masonry)
• Stones used in this masonry are flints or
cobbles, which vary in width and thickness
from 7.5 to 15cm and in length from 15 to 30
cm.
• Irregularly shaped nodules of silica.
• Extremely hard but brittle.
• They are be arranged as coursed or un
coursed or built to courses.
 8. Dry Rubble masonry
• Masonry made without using mortar to form a
joint.
• Cheapest but require more skill in
construction.
• Used for non load bearing wall.
 Ashlar Masonry
(a) Ashlar fine tooled
(b) Ashlar rough tooled
(c) Ashlar rock, rustic or quarry
(d) Ashlar chamfered
(e) Ashlar block in course
(f) Ashlar facing
 1. Ashlar fine tooled.
• Finest type of stone masonry work.
• It is cut into regular and required shape and
sizes.
• Beds, joints and faces are chisel dressed to
remove unevenness.
 2. Ashlar rough tooled
• Same as ashlar fine tooled but exposed face is
dressed by rough tooling.
• There is presence of unevenness
 Ashlar rock faced
• In this type of masonry the face of stone is not
dressed but kept as to give rough facing.
• Strip is provided around the perimeter of the
face on the exposed wall by means of chisel.
 3. Ashlar chamfered
• Special form of rock-faced ashlar masonry in
which the strip provided around the perimeter
of the exposed face work is chamfered or
bevelled at the angle 45° by means of chisel.
 Ashlar block
• This type of masonry is intermediate between
rubble masonry and ashlar masonry.
 Ashlar facing
• Ashler facing masonry is provided along with
brick or concrete block masonry, to give better
apperance.
Brick Masonry
• Is made up of brick units bonded together
with mortar.
• Two essential component of brick masonry are
– Bircks
– Mortar
 Terminologies
1. Stretcher: longer face of a brick (19cmx9cm) as
seen in the elevation of wall.
2. Header: shorter face of a brick (9 cmx 9cm)
3. Lap: lap is the horizontal distance between the
vertical joints of successive brick courses.
4. Perpend: a perpend is an imaginary vertical line
which includes the vertical joint separating two
adjoining bricks.
5. Bed: is lower surface of the brick when laid flat.
• Arries
• Bull nose
• splays
• Quoin
• Frog
• Racking back
• Toothing
 Bonds in Brick Work
• Bond is interlacement of bricks in courses so
that individual units are tied together and the
vertical joints of the successive courses do not
lie in same vertical line.
• Various types of bonds are distinguished by
their elevation or face appearance.
• Bricks used in masonry are of uniform size.
 Rules for Bonding
• The bricks should be of uniform size. Length of
the brick should be twice its width plus one
joint so that uniform lap is obtained.
• The amount of lap should be minimum ¼ brick
along the length of the wall and ½ brick across
the thickness of the wall.
• Use of brick bat should be discouraged except
in special location.
• In alternate courses, center line of header
should coincide with the center line of the
stretcher in the course above or below it.
• Vertical joints in the alternate course should
be along the same perpend.
• The stretcher should be used only in the facing
they should not be used hearting.
• In Hearting only headers should be used.
 Types of BONDS
1. Stretcher bond.
2. Header bond
3. English bond
4. Flemish bond
5. Facing bond
6. English cross bond
7. Brick on edge bond
8. Dutch bond
9. Raking bond
10.Zigzag bond
11.Garden wall bond
 Stretcher Bond
• Or known as stretching bond
• All the bricks are laid as stretchers on the face of
wall.
• Length of brick are thus along the direction of wall
• Pattern is used only for those walls which have
thickness of half brick(i.e 9cm)
• Uses: partition walls, sleeper walls, division walls
or chimney stacks.
• Bond is not possible if the thickness of wall is
more.
 Header bond
• Bricks are laid as headers on the faces of wall.
• The width of the brick are along the direction
of brick.
• Pattern is used when thickness of brick is
equals to one.(19cm)
 English Bond
• Most common used bond for all the
thicknesses.
• Considered to be strongest.
• Consist of alternate courses of header and
stretchers.
 Flemish Bond
• Each course is comprised of alternate header
and strtchers.
• Every alternate course starts with a header at
the corner
• Quoin closer are placed next to the quoin
header in alternate course to develop face lap.
• Two types
– Double flemish bond: both back and front same face
– Single flemish bond.: front flemish bond and english
bond at back.
Home Work
Write down essential feature of English and
Flemish Bond.
 English Cross Bond
• Modification of English bond to improve
appearance of wall.
• This bond combines the requirements of
beauty and strength.
• Special features of this bond
– Alternate courses of headers and stretchers are
provided like English bond.
– Queen closer are placed next to quoin header.
– A header is introduced next to quoin stretcher
every alternate course.
 Dutch Bond
• Another modified form of English Bond.
• Corners of walls are strengthened.
• Special feature of this type of bond are:
– Alternate courses of headers and stretchers as in
English bond.
– Every stretcher course starts at the quoin with a
three quarter bat.
– In every alternate stretcher course a header is
placed next to the three quarter brick bat
provided at the quoin.
 Raking Bond
• Used in thick walls
• Bricks are kept at an inclination to the
direction of the wall.
• Longitudinal stability of thick wall built in
English bond is very much increased.
• Two types
– Diagonal Bond
– Herring bone bond
 Zig Zag bond
• Similar to herring bone bond except that the
bricks are laid in zig zag fashion.
• Used for making ornamental panels in the
brick flooring.
 Garden wall Bond
• Used to construct garden walls, boundary
walls, compound walls.
• Thickness is one brick thick and height doesn’t
exceed two meters.
• Not so strong as English bond but more
attractive.
• Are of three types
• Garden wall English bond
• Garden wall Flemish
• Garden wall monk bond
 Types of Walls
• Broadly classified as load bearing and non load bearing.
• Load bearing walls :
• Non load bearing:
• Partition wall:
• Party wall:
• A separating wall:
• A curtain wall
• Cross wall
• Solid masonry wall
• Cavity wall
• Faced wall
• Veneered wall
 Types of Walls
• Partition wall:
 Types of Walls
• Broadly classified as load bearing and non load
bearing.
• Party wall:
• A separating wall:
 Types of Walls
• A curtain wall
• Cross wall
 Types of Walls
• Cross wall
• Solid masonry wall
• Cavity wall
• Faced wall
• Veneered wall
 Damp proofing
Various causes of dampness in building:
1. Moisture rising up the walls from ground
2. Rain travels from walls tops
3. Rain beating against external walls.
4. Condensation
5. Miscellaneous causes
1. Poor drainage
2. Imperfect roof slope
3. Defective construction
 Effect of dampness
• breeding for mosquitoes
• Unsightly patches on ceiling
• May cause softening and crumbling of plaster.
• Wall decoration is damaged
• Flooring gets loosened because of reduction in
adhesion.
• Timber floors, door, windows gets deteriorated
because of wrapping, buckling, dry rotting etc.
• Electrical fittings and floor covering gets damaged.
• Promotes growth of termites.
• Moisture causes rusting and corrosion of metal
fittings.
 Method of damp proofing
• 1. Membrane damp proofing: use of D.P.C

– Consist of introducing a water repellent or DPC

between source of dampness and building.
– Materials such as bitumen, mastic asphalt, plastic
or polythene sheets, metal sheets etc.
– Should cover full thickness of wall
– Mortar bed supporting D.P.C should be levelled
and even.
2. Integral damp proofing
consist of adding certain water proofing materials
to the concrete mix so that it becomes impermeable.
Usually in three forms
a. Compounds made from chalk, talc, fullers earth,
which may fill the voids of concrete.
b. Compounds like alkaline silicates, aluminium
sulphate, calcium chloride etc which react
chemically with concrete to produce water proof
concrete.
c. Soap, petroleum, oils, fatty acids works on water
replusive principle when mixed with concrete.
d. Commercially available compound like punlo,
permo, Sikka etc.
3. Surface treatment
Consist of application of layers of water
repellent substances on wall surfaces through
which the moisture enters.
Pointing and plastering should be done carefully
using water proofing agent sodium or potasium
silicates, aluminium or zinc sulphates, barium
hydroxide and magnesium sulphates.
4. Cavity wall construction
If main wall of the building is shielded by an
outer skin wall leaving a cavity between two.
Advantages of cavity wall
1. External moisture cannot travel inside of
building due to no contact of inner and outer
leaves of wall.
2. Offers good insulation of heat
3. Cheaper and economical
4. Loads on foundations are reduced due to
lesser solid thickness.
5. Guniting
Consist of depositing impervious layer of rich
cement mortar over exposed surface under
pressure.
Pressure at 2 to 3 kg/cm2.
The nozzle of machine is kept at a distance75 to
90 com from the surface to be gunited.
Layers should be cured for 10days.
6. Pressure Grouting
This consist of cement grout under pressure into
cracks, voids, fissures etc. present in structural
components of the building or in the ground.
This method is quite effective in checking the
seepage of ground water through foundation
and sub structure of a building.
Walls are designed as to have adequate provision
of:
 Strength and stability
 Weather resistance
 Durability
 Thermal insulation and sound insulation
 Provide privacy
Walls can be broadly classified as: i) Load-bearing
walls and (ii) Non-load bearing walls.
Can be further divided into:
1. Solid masonry wall
2. Cavity wall
3. Faced wall
4. Veneered wall
1. Load
 Walls are subjected to variety of loads. Floor
slabs transferring the loads to the wall if not
supported through the full width of the wall,
loads act eccentrically.
 Wall are structurally efficient when the load is
uniformly distributed therefore the eccentricity
of loading should be as minimum as possible.

2. To ensure uniformity of loading, openings in walls

should not be too large.
3. Strength
 The strength of a masonry wall depends primarily on
the strength of the mortar and the strength of the
building units.
 Mortar strength shall be not be greater than that of
the masonry units.
4. Mortar
 When strong mortars are not required from strength
consideration, it is preferable to use composite masonry.
 Rich mortar is used when:
 When masonry units of high strength are used.
 When early strength is necessary.
 When the masonry is to be laid in wet location.
5. Thickness
 The thickness of a load bearing wall should be
sufficient at all points to ensure that the stresses due to
worst conditions are within the prescribed limits.
During designing, actual thickness should be
considered and not the nominal thickness.
6. Slenderness ratio (SR)

 The strength of a vertically loaded structure depends

on the slenderness ratio.

 Slenderness ratio is the ratio of its effective height

divided by the effective thickness or its effective
length divided by the effective thickness, whichever is
less.
Cavity wall or hollow wall is the one which consists of
two separate walls called leaves or skins with a cavity
or gap in-between.
Two portions may be connected together by metal pins.
Are constructed to give better thermal insulation
and thus are normally the outer walls of the
building.
The size of cavity varies from 4-10cm and the inner
and outer skin should not be less than half brick
thick.
Since the inner and outer
leaves of the wall is not in
contact, the dampness from
the outer leave cannot
travel inside the building.
The cavity between the two
leaves is full of air or
insulating material, hence has
greater insulating property.
Loads on foundation are
reduced because of lesser
solid.
For brick cavity wall, the leaves are half brick
thick however, if heavier loads are to be
supported, thickness of the inner leave is
increased in the multiple of half brick thickness.
The cavity should not be less than 4cm and more
than 10cm.
The outer and inner leaves should be tied together by
means of special ties and these must be placed at a
distance apart not exceeding 900mm horizontally and
450mm vertically.
To prevent water entering into the cavity, DPC
must be provided.
The contact between the inner and outer leaves
should be the least.
Ties should be strong and rust proof. They should
not permit transmission of water along it from outer
to inner face.
Damp proof should be laid separately for both leaves.
Bottom most horizontal damp proof should be laid
at least 150mm above the bottom cavity or above the
top of concrete fill in the cavity.
Weep holes or narrow vertical joints should be left
in the first course at regular interval to drain out
rain water collected in the cavity, if any.
Bottom of the cavity or the top of concrete fill
in should be above the ground level.
Two leaves of the wall should be raised simultaneously
and uniformly. The position of wall ties should be
predetermined so as to have uniform spacing.
Weep holes
Partition wall is a thin internal wall which is
constructed to divide the space within the
building into rooms.
Partition walls are generally non-load bearing.
A load-bearing partition wall is known as internal wall.
For a partition wall, the most important requirement
is the sound insulation property.
In multi-storeyed buildings, partition are supported
on concrete beams spanning between columns.
The thickness of partition will affect the amount
of useable floor space available in the building.
The partition wall should be strong enough to carry
its own loads.
Partition wall should be strong enough to resist
impact subjected by the occupant.
Should be strong enough to support
decorative surface, wall fixtures, wash basins,
etc.
Should be light, thin and act as a sound barrier.
A partition wall should be fire resistant.
1.Brick Partitions
Cheapest and the most commonly used partition
wall.

Brick partition may be of the following types:

a. Plain brick partition

 Are usually half brick thick and the bricks are laid
as stretchers in cement mortar.
 Both the sides of the wall is plastered and
are considerably strong and fire resistant.
b. Reinforced brick partition
 These are stronger than the
ordinary partition wall as
they are reinforced using
steel mesh strips called
Exmet.
 Such partition walls are
constructed when the wall
is subjected to super-
imposed loads.
c. Brick nogging partition
 Brick nogging partition wall consists of brick work built
up within the frame work of wooden members.
2. Clay block partition walls
 Uses clay blocks either solid or hollow.
 Hollow clay blocks are lighter and has greater heat
and sound insulating property.
3. Concrete partitions
 Consists of concrete slabs, plain o reinforced supported
laterally between vertical members.
4. Glass partition
 Are constructed using either glass sheets or
hollow blocks.
5. Timber
partition
 Consists of wooden frame
work, properly supported on
floor and fixed to the side
walls.
 The horizontal and vertical
frame work are covered by
boarding etc. from both the
sides.
6. Aluminum partition
 Are the ideal partition wall
for multi-functional
office.
Thank You!