By - Ajay Kumar Prasad,

Assistant Manager (Mining), LKP OCP

 HAUL ROAD :
Introduction:
•The roads which are prepared for
plying of heavy earth moving
equipment for carrying of coal and
Overburden in Opencast Mines are
called Haul Roads.
 Design of the Haul Road :

•To maintain good health of the

equipment, the haul road should be
designed considering the specification of
the equipment like
Width
Height
Weight
Wheel Base.
Type of Braking System.
Steering ability.
Retarded performance.
Speed range on grades etc.,
Advantages of good Haul Road :
• A good haul road will result in
numerous advantages like:
Reduced cost of maintenance of
equipment

Reduced breakdown of vehicles and their

better availability

Reduction in fuel consumption

Cont..

Achieving better safety standards

Improved working environment and

ergonomics for the operators

Increase in tyre life

Con..

•A Good Haul Road will:

Increase in production by 30 %.

Reduced fuel consumption by 30 %.

Haul Road :

• Width -3 times width of largest vehicle plying on

road + 5m
• Curve- Made in such a way that operator of vehicle
have clear view of distance of not less than 3 times
braking distance of largest vehicle working at 40
km/hr.
If not possible two roads provided of width
not less than 2 times of largest vehicle +3m with
strong road divider at centre.
 Characteristics of Haul Road as per Mine Statute:
Width of Haul Road:
No road shall be of width less than 3 times the width of the largest dumper
plying on the road plus 5 Mts, if the movement is on single haul road.
• Width of 35T Dumpers: 4.4 mtrs
• Width of 85T Dumpers: 5.8 mtrs
• Width of 100T Dumpers: 6.6 mtrs

Thus the width of the haul road

For 100 T Dumper = 24.8 Mts. ( 6.6 X 3 + 5)
For 85 T Dumper = 22.4 Mts. ( 5.8 X 3 + 5)
For 35 T Dumper = 18.2 Mts. ( 4.4 X 3 + 5)

If the road is provided for single traffic of vehicles with a strong road divider at
the centre, the width shall not be less than two times the width of the largest
dumper plying on the road plus 3 Mts.
Con..
Gradient:
At any place on the haul road – not more than 1 in
16.
In case of small ramps over small stretches, a
gradient upto 1 in 10 may be permitted. (length not
more than 50m at one stretch)

Visibility:
All corners and bends in roads shall have a clear
view of distance not less than three times the braking
distance of the largest HEMM working at 40 KMPH.
 Con..

Embankment and Bund:

Where any road exists above level of surrounding area,
it shall be provided with strong parapet wall /
embankment with the following dimensions.
Width at top not less than 1 Mt.

Width at bottom not less than 2.5 Mts.

The height of the bund lot less than the diameter of the tyre of
largest vehicle plying on the road.
 Con..

Haul road Lighting:

Required standard of illumination shall be 10 Lux (Horizontal).

Traffic Signs:
Traffic Signs may be speed limit signs, stop signs, curving and
intersection warning signs which shall be provided at required locations
all along the haul roads.
Parameters governing good haul road :
Construction of good haul road depends on good
planning and design of haul road.

The parameters that govern in making a good haul

road are -
Base Material.
Surface Material.
Site distance.
Gradient.
Haul Road width, road side berms and guard rails.
Traffic rules and signs.
Con..

Drainage provisions, slope above and

below haul roads.

Haul Road lighting

 Why Super Elevation?
• If the road is made level the resultant force will be inclined at
an angle with the vertical and thus the reaction at inner and
outer track will not be the same.
• At certain speed of the truck the reaction at inner track will
become negative leading to toppling of the truck.
• To counter balance this effect and to maintain the equilibrium
of the machine the surface of the haulage road has to be
made perpendicular to the resultant reaction by raising the
outer edge of the road.
• The amount by which the outer edge has to be raised is
known as super elevation.
 Con..
• Effect of motion of the truck along a curved road is
skidding away.

• This is counter balanced by the frictional force

between the tyres and roads which is fully effective
when the reaction at inner and outer tracks is equal.

• This is restored by proper super elevation.

• When the centrifugal force is balanced by the vehicle

weight component, the slide friction factor would be
zero.
Recommended Max super elevation at
various speeds
Radius of
curves in Speed in Km / hr
Mts
25 40 60

15 0.04 0.04 0.04

30 0.04 0.04 0.05
45 0.04 0.04 0.05
75 0.04 0.05 0.06
Occurrence of Incidents and Accidents
With changing scenario and introduction of higher
capacity equipment, the no. of incidents and
accidents has taken place due to
1. Head on collision of dumper on haul road due to
poor clear view.

2. Front and rear collision of dumpers on haul road

3. Inadvertent movement of steering wheel along

with tyre while maintenance of dumper where
engine is “ON”
Con.
4. Due to work person crossing the blind space in and
around.

5. Dumper getting-off haul road due to inadequate parapet

wall / embankment.

6. During reversal of dumper movement.

Traffic Rules
and
Procedures :
 Introduction:
The following rules are designed for safe
operation of vehicles in and around the mine.
The operators of vehicles shall observe these
rules and any other special instructions given by
the Mine Manager.
The Mine Manager and officials appointed by
him shall ensure that all persons in the mine
comply with these rules.
Rule-1 Procedures:
 Authorized persons shall only drive or operate the vehicles
as assigned by the Mine Manager.
A private vehicle shall not be driven in the mine premises
unless authorized by the Mine Manager.
 A driver working temporarily shall request and receive
permission to enter the mine premises from mine Manager
prior to driving a vehicle in the mine premises.
Rule-2 Speed Limits:
Permanent or temporary speed limit set by
the mine Manager for any area of the mine
shall be adhered to.

Where visibility or road conditions are poor,

the driver shall reduce the speed of the vehicle
to maintain effective control.
Speed Limit at LKP OCP
Specified Speed Limit Place/Station Km./Hour
(Not more than)
Trucks/Tippers Quarry Bed to Stock 25 Km.

Stock to Siding/CHP of 30 Km.

AOCP/JNC
Inside Stock Area 15 Km. 
Service Haul Road & inside Quarry 25 Km.
Van/Maintenance Van
Other Places 30 Km. 
Explosive Van Haul road 20 Km. 
Other Places 25 Km. 

Jeep/Car & other Light Haul Road 30 Km.

Vehicle Other Places 40 Km. 
Rule-3: Right of Way:
 All drivers shall give way to emergency vehicles.
 Vehicles used for grading, rolling, watering and repairing of
roads shall have right of way over all vehicles.
 Light vehicles shall give way to all HEMM.
Rule-4: Parking and Standing:
A driver shall not park vehicle in a position that will
endanger other traffic, or opposite to another vehicle on
a haul road.
Shall not park within 30 Mts of the working area of
mobile equipment.
Shall not park within 30 Mts of swing radius of any
shovel.
While parking shall chock the vehicles if parked on a
slope.
Rule-5: General:
Vehicles shall not be driven over electric cables, air hoses or water lines
unless these are properly protected.

Seat belts shall be provided and shall be worn by operators at all times
while operating the vehicles.

Transport of persons in the vehicles is not allowed.

The drivers shall sound one blast of horn before moving off from parked
position.

No spillage on vehicles during transportation is allowed.

The vehicles shall be correctly illuminated during hours of darkness.

Shall observe adequate clearance particularly when reversing, parking,

passing other vehicles.
Rule-6: Overtaking:
Overtaking any other Vehicle with caution may be done provided:
The speed limit is not exceeded.
There is sufficient visibility of the road ahead.
The vehicles are clear of any road intersection or junction.
Overtaking should be done after getting indication or signal from green
flasher, which must be fitted, in the vehicles.
The Driver of a heavy vehicle may not overtake another vehicle on an
incline unless the overtaking vehicle is traveling at the speed less than
10 KMPH and there is adequate visibility of the road ahead.
No overtaking is permitted in the vicinity of the road Drivers.
While driving behind a haul track, the Driver shall ensure that he is
visible in the rear view mirror until pulls out to overtake.
Rule-7: Signs:
All Traffic signs are to be obeyed.
Warning signs are to be noted at all times.
Temporary signs shall be removed as soon as
possible after need for them ceases to exist.
Rule-8: Mechanical Condition of
vehicles:
The Driver of each heavy vehicle shall make daily examination
of the vehicle for safe operation.
Any defect observed in the vehicle as well as damage to the
vehicle shall be reported forthwith to the superiors.
  Rule-9: Definitions:
DRIVER means all drivers of light vehicles, Heavy Vehicles, all operators of HEMMs.

VEHICLE means all light vehicles, all heavy vehicles and all HEMM

The following vehicles are classified as Light vehicles:

Jeeps / Maruthi Gypsy's
Station wagons
The following vehicles shall be classified as heavy vehicles:
I) Haul trucks
II) Vehicle carrying explosives
 III) Scrapers.
IV) ANFO trucks
 V) Fuel and water trucks
VI) Buses/trucks/tippers.
VII) Wheel dozers and Pay loaders
VIII) Cranes/Tractors/Tyre handlers.
 IX) Mobile workshop b).