UV visible spectroscopy

EXPLAIN THE ORIGIN & THE CHARACTERISTICS OF UV VISIBLE

SPECTRUM

 Origin of UV Spectrum - The absorption of radiation in the UV-VIS region of

the spectrum is dependent on the electronic structure of the absorbing species like,
atoms, molecules, ions or complexes.
 A given electronic energy level has a number of vibrational energy levels in it and
each of the vibrational energy level has a number of rotational energy levels in it.
 When a photon of a given wavelength interacts with the molecule it may cause a
transition amongst the electronic energy levels if its energy matches with the
difference in the energies of these levels.
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 Characteristics -
OUTLINE DIFFERENT TYPES OF SPECIES ABSORBING IN THE
UV VIS RIGION
STATE DIFFERENT APPLICATION OF UV VIS SPECTROSCOPY

 Qualitative & Quantitative Analysis: It is used for characterizing

aromatic compounds and conjugated olefins. It can be used to find out
molar concentration of the solute under study.Detection of impurities:
It is one of the important method to detect impurities in organic
solvents. Additional peaks can be observeddue to impurities in the
sample and it can be compared with that of standard raw
materialStructure elucidation of organic compoundsThe presence or
absence of unsaturation, the presence of hetero atoms like S, N, O or
halogens can be determined. Structural analysis of organic
compounds:Effect of conjugation: Extended conjugation shifts the max
to longer (Bathochromatic shift) and reduction of the compound or
saturation of double bonds leads to the opposite effect i.e.
hypsochromic shift
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Effect of geometric isomerism: Trans isomer absorbs at longer

wavelength than cic isomers. Cis to trans conversion is
bathochromic shift and hyper-chromic effectAlkyl substitution
shifts the max to longer wave length(bathochromic shift).
✔ Number of ringsThe addition of rings causes bathochromic
shift.
OUTLINE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF SPECIES ABSORBING IN
THE UV ViS RIGION

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DESCRIBE THE ESSENTIAL components of UV vis instruments
and state their roles

1. SOURCE of LIGHT.
2. MONOCHROMATOR.
3. SMPLE SOLIOTION in CUVETTE.
4. PHOTO DETECTOR.
5. READOUT DEVICE.
SOURCE OF LIGHT:
Part of the UV and Visible radiation source isTungsten lamp.

UV radiation source is Deuterium or Hydrogen lamp.

Range of wavelength 200-400 nm.

MONOMETER:
It is a device that breaks the polychromatic radiation into
component wavelengths.
The monochromator unit consists of:
Entrance slit: defines narrow beam of radiation from source
Collimating mirror:(polished surface) collimates thelights
Diffraction grating or Prism (make of quartz):disperses the light
into specific wavelength.
Focusing mirror: captures the dispersed light & sharpens the
same to the sample via exit slit
Exit slit: allows the corrected wavelength of light to the sample.
SMPLE SOLUTION IN CUVETTE

liquid sample is usually contained in a cell called a cuvette. Fingerprints and droplets of
water disrupt light rays during measurement Cuvette from Quartz can be used in UV as
well as in visible spectroscopy Cuvette from Glass is suitable for visible but not for UV
spectroscopy because it absorbs UV radiation.
PHOTO DETECTOR
A photo detector is a semi conductor device which converts light
energy to electrical energy. It consists of a simple P-N junction diode
and is designed to work in reverse biased condition. The photons
approaching the diode are absorbed by the photodiode and current is
generated.
READOUT DEVICE.
Digital screen to record an uv spectrograph with absorbance against
the wavelength.