Cultural, Social, Political

and Economic Symbols and

Practices

——

Emilyn Maximo
 Human Bio-cultural and Social Evolution

In both anthropology and sociology, it

is significant to study evolution.
Everything that people have at parent
is a product of millions of year ’s
drastic changes in earth. These
changes have significantly taken their
toll on all living creatures. Their impact
is manifested in the form of
adaptation, since failure to evolve
means extinction. Culture and society
exist because of evolution. Baleña
(2016)
Australopithecus
According to Baleña (2016), the
fossil which assumes to be the
intermediate between Man and
Ape was discovered in Pleistocene
cave deposited of South Africa in
1924 by Dart. Australopithecus
has been divided into four species
based on the thin teeth, jaw and
brain size
 Homo Rudolfensis
According to Baleña (2016), the first
homonid is homo rudolfensis discovered
by anthropologi sts Richard Leakey and
Meave Leakey in Kenya in 1972. However,
some scholars believe that this species
should be classified under the genus
Australopithecus, since i ts molar and
premolar teeth resemble those of its
predecessor, although its brain is simi lar
to those of the other homonids.

type specimen from Koobi Fora, Kenya. Reconstruction: Wildlife Art

Photo: Don Hitchcock 2015
Source and text: Facsimile, Vienna Natural
History Museum, Naturhistorisches Museum
Wien
Photo: Daderot
Permission: This file is made available
under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0
Universal Public Domain Dedication.
Source: Facsimile, Naturhistorisches
Museum, Braunschweig, Germany
Homo Habilis
It is to t he h omo ha bilis
no ne the l ess tha t p eo pl e owe the ir
fi rst re li cs of too l s. Too l usin g is
no t con fi ne d to h umans, b ut
scho l ars sa i d t hat th i s sp ecies has
sho wn rema rkab le e ff icie ncy in a
creat ive mat ter. The sp ecies na me
me an s “Han dy ma n” be ca use t he
ab il i ty to ma ke a nd u se too ls . Th is
spe ci es i s reco gn ize d to t he f irst
Nickname: Handy Man
true hu ma n. Li ved a bo ut 1 .4 to 2 .4
Discovery Date: 1960
mi l l i on yea rs a go scave ng in g fo r Where Lived: Eastern and Southern Africa
fo od. Bal e ña (2 01 6). When Lived: 2.4 million to 1.4 million years ago
Height: average 3 ft 4 in - 4 ft 5 in (100 - 135 cm)
Weight: average 70 lbs (32 kg
Reference: Smithsonian Natural Museum of Natural History
Homo Erectus
Remains of the most famous of all
fossils so called Java, “ape-man”,
erectus were discovered near Trinil,
Java by the Dutch physician Eugene
Dubois (1891). The fossi l collection
includes a skull cap, a thigh bone
and two molar teeth. Probably they
even knew how to use fire and small
tool of wood and stone but there is
no evidence that they used fire. The
species name means “Upright man”
with body proportion similar to that
of modern humans. Baleña (2016) Discovery Date: 1891
Where Lived: Northern, Eastern, and Southern Africa; Western
Asia (Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia); East Asia (China and
Indonesia)
When Lived: Between about 1.89 million and 110,000 years ago
Height: Ranges from 4 ft 9 in - 6 ft 1 in (145 - 185 cm)
Weight: Ranges from 88 - 150 lbs (40 - 68 kg)
Reference: Smithsonian Natural Museum of Natural History
Homo Floresiensis

Species nicknamed “Hobbit” due

to their small stature with a height
of more or less 3 feet and lived
95,000 to 17,000 years ago in the
islands of Flores, Indonesia.
Baleña (2016)

Nickname: the Hobbit

Discovery Date: 2003
Where Lived: Asia (Indonesia)
When Lived: About 100,000 – 50,000 years ago
Height: 106 cm (3 ft 6 in) - estimate from a female skeleton
Weight: 30 kg (66 lbs) - estimate from a female skeleton
Reference: Smithsonian Natural Museum of Natural History
Homo
Heidelbergensis
Large heavy jaw like ape, with a
combination of teeth, of moderate
size. The chin slopes away, teeth
continuous in series. Heidelberg
man moved freel y in Europe
during the first half of Pleistocene.
The cranial capacity was believed
to be about 1300 cc. They were
the first of early human species to Discovery Date: 1908
Where Lived: Europe; possibly Asia (China); Africa (eastern and
live in colder climates, first to hunt southern)
large animals on routine basis When Lived: About 700,000 to 200,000 years ago
using spears and first to Height: Males: average 5 ft 9 in (175 cm); Females: average 5 ft 2 in
(157 cm)
construction human shelter. Weight: Males: average 136 lbs (62 kg); Females: average 112 lbs (51
Baleña (2016). kg)
Reference: Smithsonian Natural Museum of Natural History
Homo Sapiens
The species to which all modern
human beings belong. Homo sapiens
is one of several species grouped
into the genus Homo, but it is the
only one that is not extinct. The
species name means “wise man” that
appeared from 200,000 years old.
Baleña (2016).

Where Lived: Evolved in Africa, now

worldwide

When Lived: About 300,000 years

ago to present
 Homo Neanderthalensis
Neanderthals or the beings under the
specie Homo Neanderthalensis, were
similar to Homo erectus, who walked.
Subspecies with short yet stocky in body
builds adapted to winter climates
especially in icy cold places in Europe
and Asia.

Height: Males: average 5 ft 5 in (164 cm);

Females: average 5 ft 1 in (155 cm)
Weight: Males: average 143 lbs (65 kg); Females:
average 119 lbs (54 kg)
Reference: Smithsonian Natural Museum of
Natural History
Thank you
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