Introduction to Time Domain

Electromagnetic Methods
Yanjie Zhu
Yinchao Chen
Paul G. Huray
12/03/2004
Outline
Comparison of different numerical methods
Introduction to Finite Difference Time Domain
(FDTD) Method
Applications of FDTD to electrical engineering
Initial study of CFDTD to the detection of PCB
impurities and surface roughness
Comparison of different numerical methods
Frequency Domain Methods
MoM (Method of Moment)
Zeland IE3D
TM

Agilent ADS
TM
(Advanced
Design System)
Ansoft Ensemble
TM

FEM (Finite Element Method)
Ansoft HFSS
TM

UGS FEMAP
TM

Time Domain Methods
FDTD
Remcom XFDTD
TM

Zeland Fidelity
TM

RM Associate CFDTD
TM

MRTD (Multi-Resolution Time
Domain)
PSTD (Pseudo-Spectral Time
Domain)
Advantages & Disadvantages
Features Advantages Disadvantages
Point frequency
approach
MoM Most accurate method Find Green Function first
FEM Mature method, adaptive
mesh
Huge matrices
Frequency band
approach: time
pulse excitation
FDTD Simple, Robust, versatile Long computation time
MRTD
PSTD
Large structure simulation Complicated algorithm
Principle of Finite Difference
x
2 x x f 2 x x f
x f
dx
x df
0 0
0
0
A
A A +
~ =
) ( ) (
) (
) (
'
Derivative of f(x) at point P using finite difference approximations
Mesh Structure for FDTD Algorithm
A standard Yees lattice
Implementation of FDTD Algorithm
E
t
E
H
e r

+ = V o
c
c
c c
0
H
t
H
E
m r

= V o
c
c

0
(
(
(

(
(
(

+
(
(
(
(
(
(

c
c
c
c
c
c

(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

c
c

c
c
c
c

c
c
c
c

c
c
z
y
x
ezz
eyy
exx
z
y
x
zz
yy
xx
0
x
y
z x
y
z
E
E
E
0 0
0 0
0 0
t
E
t
E
t
E
0 0
0 0
0 0
y
H
x
H
x
H
z
H
z
H
y
H
o
o
o
c
c
c
c
Starting point is Maxwells differential equations.
Updating Equations-H
z

(
(
(
(

A
|
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|

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+ +
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+ +

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+ + A

=
|
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|

\
|
+ +
+
x
k j i E k j i E
y
k j i E k j i E
k j i
k j i t
k j i
t
k j i H
k j i
k j i t
k j i
k j i t
k j i H
n
y
n
y
n
x
n
x
zz
mzz
zz
n
z
zz
mzz
zz
mzz
n
z
,
2
1
,
2
1
,
2
1
,
2
1
,
2
1
,
2
1
,
2
1
,
2
1
,
2
1
,
2
1
2
,
2
1
,
2
1
1
,
2
1
,
2
1
,
2
1
,
2
1
,
2
1
,
2
1
2
,
2
1
,
2
1
1
,
2
1
,
2
1
2
,
2
1
,
2
1
1
,
2
1
,
2
1
0
0
2
1
0
0
2
1

o


o

o
Updating Equations-E
z
(
(
(
(

A
+ + +

A
+ + +
+
+ A
+
+
A
+ +
+
+ A
+
+
+ A

= +
+ + + +
+
y
k j i H k j i H
x
k j i H k j i H
k j i
k j i t
k j i
t
k j i E
k j i
k j i t
k j i
k j i t
k j i E
n
x
n
x
n
y
n
y
zz
ezz
zz
n
z
zz
ezz
zz
ezz
n
z
)
2
1
,
2
1
, ( )
2
1
,
2
1
, ( )
2
1
, ,
2
1
( )
2
1
, ,
2
1
(
) 2 / 1 , , ( 2
) 2 / 1 , , (
1
) 2 / 1 , , (
)
2
1
, , (
) 2 / 1 , , ( 2
) 2 / 1 , , (
1
) 2 / 1 , , ( 2
) 2 / 1 , , (
1
)
2
1
, , (
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
0
0
0
0
1
c c
o
c c
c c
o
c c
o
Selection of the parameters
Cell size criterion
min max max max
20
1
and , s A A A z y x
max max max
min
r r
c
f
v
c
=
Excitation choices
Gaussian pulse:
Blackman-Harris pulse:
( )
(
(

=
2
p
2
0 n
n
N
t t
t g exp ) (
( )
( )
( ) ( )
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
|
|
.
|

\
|

+ =
2
2 3
cos
2
2 2
cos
2
2
cos
4 3
2 1
p
p n
p
p n
p
p n
n
N
N t
a
N
N t
a
N
N t
a a t b
t t
t
Boundary Conditions
Shielded boundary:
Perfect Electric Conductor (PEC)
Perfect Magnetic Conductor (PMC)
Open boundary:
Absorbing Boundary Condition (ABC)
Perfectly Matched Layer (PML)
Sequence of an FDTD Iteration Cycle
Calculation of MMICs Parameters
C
E
y
L
i
1
i
2
j
2
j
0
j
1
h
H
y
H
x
( ) ( ) ( )

}
=
A A A A = =
0
0
0 0
0
0 0
, , , ,
j
m
z x
n
y
h
n n
y z n y m x n E l d z t E z t v

( ) ( )

}
=
+ +
=
+ +
+ +
(

A A A A A A A A +
(

A A A A A A A A = =
2
1
2
1
) , , ( ) , , (
) , , ( ) , , ( , ,
0 1
2
1
0 2
2
1
0 2
2
1
0 1
2
1
0 2 1 0 2 1
j
j j
z
n
y z
n
y
i
i i
z
n
x z
n
x
C
n n
y z n y j x i H y z n y j x i H
x z n y j x i H x z n y j x i H l d z t H z t i

Calculation of MMICs Parameters
)} , ( {
)} , ( {
0
t z I FFT
t z V FFT
Z
i
i
=
The characteristic impedance Z
0
is calculated by
0 0
2
2
) (
) (
c e
e |
e c =
reff
( ) | |
( ) | |
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
t z V FFT
t z V FFT
angle
z z
j
i
i j
,
,
) (
1
) (e |
For a transmission line, the effective dielectric constant
eff
is defined as:
with:
{ }
{ }
{ }
{ } ) (
) (
) (
) (
11
t i FFT
t i FFT
t V FFT
t V FFT
S
inc
ref
inc
ref
= =
For a two-port network, S
11
and S
21
can be defined as:
{ }
{ }
{ }
{ } ) (
) (
) (
) (
21
t i FFT
t i FFT
t V FFT
t V FFT
S
inc
trs
inc
trs
= =
( )
kL j
kL j
in
e S
e S
Z f Z
2
11
2
11
0
1
1

+
= Input Impedance:
Near-to-Far Field Transformation
E n M
H n J
s
s


=
=

}}
}}

=
=
s
jkR
s
S
jkR
s
ds
R
e
M F
ds
R
e
J A
'
4
'
4
0
0


t
c
t

( )
( ) A F
k
F j H
F A
k
A j E


V
(

V V + =
V
(

V V + =
0
2
0
2
1 1
~
1 1
~

e
c
e
Conformal FDTD
When the object to be simulated has curved surfaces and edges,
the stair casing approximation of conventional FDTD technique
can produce significant errors.
Stair case:
Conformal:
Using integral
equation
Applications of FDTD in Electrical Engineering
Simulation of Wave Propagation Problems
Microwave Engineering Problems
Antenna Problems
Scattering Problems
Signal Integrity Problems
Simulation of Wave Propagation
I will show a simple 1dfdtd matlab code
to clarify the wave propagation problem.
Microstrip Low-pass filter

5.65mm
c
r
=2.2 0.794mm
x
y
z
2.54mm
2.413mm
5.65mm
20.32mm
Result
0 5 10 15 20
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
|S
11
|
|S
21
| Sheen et al
FDTD solver
Microstrip Low Pass Filter
Frequency (GHz)
|
S
1
1
|

a
n
d

|
S
2
1
|

(
d
B
)
Conical Horn Antenna
d1=0.71, d2=1.86, lt=1.08, l=3.75, |=28degree
Result
CFDTD ------------
Result
Scattering Problems
4
10 95 . 2
1
1

=
=
=
r
r
r
o

c
y
z
x
Result
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
-75
-70
-65
-60
-55
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
f (GHz)
R
C
S

(
d
B
s
m
)
dispersive, FDTD
dispersive, theoretical
Debye sphere 22.5 degree incidence
Signal Integrity Problem
Layer Material c
r
Height Function Spacing
GND Copper 1.4
Substrate FR4 4.4 5
Trace Copper 1.4 Sig 5 mil / 20 mil space
Structure Stack-up:
T1
T3
T2
T4
Port1 Port2
Top View:
100mil*100mil
Cell size:
0.7mil*0.7mil*0.35mil
Frequency range:
10GHz-60GHz
Result
Result
Sig
Sig
Sig
GND
GND
GND
Result
Sig
Sig
Sig
GND
GND
GND
Result
Sig
GND
Sig
GND
Initial study of CFDTD to the
detection of PCB impurities
Time domain field distribution
Time domain current distribution
Initial study of CFDTD to the
detection of PCB impurity
Time domain field distribution
Time Domain current distribution
Comparison of field distribution
Comparison of current distribution
Comparison of field distribution on yz plane
Without impurity
With air bubble
Comparison of field distribution on yz plane
With dielectric bubble
r
=10
With PEC bubble