Pamantasan ng Lungsod ngMaynila

College of Engineering and Technology

Differential Equations
Ordinary Differential Equations of Order One

Prepared by:
Engr. Reynaldo Ted L. Peñas
Engr. Jenalyn Macarilay
 Student Learning Outcomes
At the of end of this chapter, student should be able to:
1. Recognize, describe, and classify first order
ordinary differential equations.
2. Identify Separable Equations, Homogeneous
Equations, Exact Equations, and Linear Ordinary
Differential Equations.
3. Apply First Order Separable Equations,
Homogeneous Equations, Exact Equations, and
Linear Ordinary Differential Equations to solve a
practical problem.
 First Order Ordinary
Differential Equations

1. Separable Equations
2. Homogeneous Equations
3. Exact Equations
4. Linear Differential Equations of the
First Order
General Form of Ordinary Differential
Equations of the First Order
Consider the form

M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0

where both M and N can be functions of x, y, or

both x and y.
 Separable Equations
Given

M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy 
0
If this equation can be expressed as

A x dx  B  y  dy  0
then it is a separable equation.
 Separable Equations
Solve the equation:
Solution:

Using Substitution method, for let :

Then,

Since , then
 Examples
Problems:
1. sin x sin ydx  cos x cos ydy  0

2. dr  b cos dr  r sin d 
3. x cos ydx  tan ydy  0
2
 Examples

Answers:
1. sin y  C cos x

2. r  C 1 b cos


3. x  tan
2 2
y
C 2
 Homogeneous Equations

Given

M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0
If each term of the equation has a total degree of
n (sum of exponents of all the variables in a
term), then the equation is a homogeneous
differential equation of degree n.
 Homogeneous Equations
To solve a homogeneous equation, one
may choose to substitute
x  vy dx  vdy  ydv
or
y  vx dy  vdx  xdv
An advantage may be gained if M has fewer
terms than N and x = vy is chosen. Same goes
for N has fewer terms and y = vx. The resulting
equation becomes variable-separable.
 Homogeneous Equations

Theorem 1. If M(x,y) and N(x,y) are both

homogeneous and of the same degree, the
function M(x,y)/N(x,y) is homogeneous of
degree zero.
Theorem 2. If f(x,y) is homogeneous of degree
zero in x and y, f(x,y) is a unction of y/x alone.

f  x, y   f  x, vx  x0 f 1, v f 1, v

 Homogeneous Equations
Solve the equation
Solution:
Choose N term and use
Then, the equation becomes

Use solution for separable equations. Multiply the equation

by

From ;
Homogeneous Equations
 Examples

Problems:

1. 3 3x  y dx  2xydy  0

2 2

2. 3xydx  x  y dy  0
2 2

3.  x csc x   y dx  xdy  0

 y
 Examples
Answers:

1. x  C 9x  y
3 2 2


2. y x4x y  C
2 2 2 3
3.
ln
2
c
 cos y
x


 Exact Equations
Given

M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy
0
If the following partial
y differentials
x are equal,
xk y k

M N
 equation.
then it is an exact differential
 Exact Equations

To solve an exact differential equation, set

General solution: +
 Exact Equations
Tips and tricks: the shortcuts

 y k
M  x, y  dx   N  y  dy  C

or

 M  x  dx   xk
N  x, y  dy  C
 Exact Equations
Solve the differential equation
Solution:
Test for Exactness
;
= y
=
General Solution:
+ =c

+ =c
 Examples

Problems:

1. 2x  y cos xy  dx  x cos xy  dy  0

2. w 3
 wz 2  z dw  z 3  w2 z  w dz  0

3. 2xy  tan y  dx  x 2  x sec2 y dy  0

 Examples

Answers:

1. x2  sin  xy   C

w 
2
2. 2
z 2
 4wz
C
3. x2 y  x tan y  C
 Linear Differential Equation of
the First Order
Given

M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy 
If this equation can be expressed as
0 dy  yP  x dx  Q  x dx
or
dx  xP  y  dy  Q  y 
then it is a lineardydifferential equation of the first
order.
 Linear Differential Equation of
the First Order
To solve the linear differential equation
of the first order, determine the integrating
factor byP xdx
ve  or ve  P y
Then solve the equation
dy vy   vQ  x dx  C

or

vx   vQ  y  dy  C
 Linear Differential Equation of
the First Order
Solve the equation
Solution:

Then,
Solve for

Use, to get the solution

Linear Differential Equation of
the First Order
 Examples

Problems:

1. y '  csc x  y cot x

2. 2 y  y 2  xdy  dx

3. dx  1 2x tan y  dy  0
 Examples

Answers:

1. y sin x  x  C
2  y2
2. x  y 1 Ce
3. 2x cos2 y  y  sin y
cos y  C
 References

• Elementary Differential Equations by Rainville and

Bedient, 9ed
• Advanced Engineering Mathematics by Kreyszig,
9ed
• Online references and journals
• Calculus with Analytic Geometry by Peterson
THANK YOU