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GSM Introduction: Evolution of Cellular Telephony
GSM Introduction: Evolution of Cellular Telephony
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Cellular Telephony
Cell 1
BS 1
BASE STATION CONTROLLER
Xchg. A
Xchg. B
BS 2
Cell 2
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Cellular Telephony
Cell 1
BS 1
BASE STATION CONTROLLER
Xchg. A
Xchg. B
BS 2
Cell 2
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Cellular Telephony
Cell 1
BS 1
BASE STATION CONTROLLER
Xchg. A
Xchg. B
BS 2
Cell 2
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1980s
Advanced Mobile Phone Service ( AMPS ), in America.
Early 1980s
European nations were developing cellular solutions, but no
1982
CEPT ( Conference of European Posts and Telegraph ) formed a
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Objective of GSM Good speech quality. Low terminal and service cost. Support for international roaming. Ability to support handheld terminals. Support for range of new services and facilities. Spectral Efficiency. ISDN Compatibility.
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1989
GSM responsibility transferred to ETSI ( European
1990
Phase I of GSM Specifications published.
Mid 1991
Commercial services started.
1997
Commercial services available in 110 countries.
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Circuit Switched data upto 9600 bps. G3 Fascimile. SMS ( Short Message Service ).
Supplementary Service.
Call Forwarding, when subscriber unavailable. Call Barring for O/g or I/c calls. Caller Identification. Call Waiting. Multiparty Conversation.
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GSM
Network elements
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MS
Um
BTS
Abis
BSC
MSC
VLR
EIR AuC
OMC
MS BTS BSC MSC Mobile Station. HLR Base Transceiver Station VLR Base Station Controller EIR Mobile Services Switching Center. AuC SMS
SMS
Home Location Register. Visitor Location Register. Equipment Identity Register Authentication Center. Short Message Service.
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Identity ).
Identity ). Also contains a secret key for Authentication. Can be protected against unauthorized use by a PIN ( Personal Identity Number ). Can also store SMS messages for later retrieval.
Mobile Station
SIM Card.
Key for Authentication / Security. Personal Identity Number ( PIN ) Stores SMS Messages.
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Radio Transceivers. Handles Radio Link Protocols with the MS. Manages the radio resources for one or more BTS. Handles Radio Channel Setup, Frequency Hopping, Handovers.
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MSISDN ( Mobile Subscriber ISDN No. ). Present VLR. IMSI ( International Mobile Subscriber Identity ).
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Contains selected administrative information from the HLR, necessary for call control and provision of the subscriber services, for each mobile currently located in the geographical area controlled by the VLR.
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Database of all valid mobile equipment in the network ( IMIE ). Three Lists corresponding to the status of the equipment.
White List. Grey List.
Black List.
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Protected database that stores a copy of a secret key number. Number used for authentication and encryption.
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MS #
Previous VLR
BSS
FS HLR VLR
MS
The VLR returns the routing information to the HLR. This The terminating MSC digits the VLR for), the Gatewayroutes The identity ofMSRN,asks ( MSISDNGateway MSCrelation Based on the dialed it receives, the Subscriber ( MSC the Terminating Mobile the information, that isTheCall Subscriber initiates a call tois the Mobileserving the The identity ( Mobile Subscriberthatto presently Subscriber The HLR interrogates the VLR, Roaminga Paging ), defined the MSRN of the MS being determined, Number Request Fixed from the Fixed Subscriber a Mobile Subscriber. betweenIncoming correlateis IMSI ) the callthe Gatewaymust The Paging MSRNitandonsent backis Paged.referenced by The MSRN Response is byMSC,is to Gateway MSC. MSC. will enablethe The Mobilethe incoming call to the BSS. the call to isthatcall intimated to the to standard network recognizes to The Paging passed the Stationusing further, but passed the it Response routeHLR the MS Terminating sent from cannot the ascertained, and MSC. Terminating by the E.164 numberingTHROUGH. MSISDN.assigned subscriber, referred theby MSRN is not He dials to to BSS. is sent the MSISDN. is plan. The the the MSRN, withMobile Users HomeMSC. interrogate the the the Terminating Location Register. on torouting capability. Identity ( IMSI ). Mobile Subscriber to the subscriber. It is taken from a pool.
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GSM introduction
Air Interface
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Data bits
s Trng. Seq. s
Data bits
tb Gb.
06 bits 114 bits
02 bits
26 bits. 8.25 bits. 156.25 bits.
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Frame Structure.
BP0 BP1 BP2 BP3 BP4 BP5 BP6 BP7
One TDMA FRAME consists of 8 Burst Period. One Burst Period = 15 / 26 ms = 0.577ms One Frame = 8 * ( 15 / 26 ) ms = 4.615 ms
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26 TDMA multiframe Used in the definition of the TCH/F and TCH/H 26*8 BP = 120ms 51 TDMA multiframe used in the definition of TCH/F, TCH/H & common channels. 51*8 BP Super frame 51*26 frames = 6.12 s Corresponds to the smallest cycle for which the organization of all channels is repeated Hyperframe 2048*51*26*8 BP = 3hr,28min,53secs,760ms smallest cycle for frequency hopping & for ciphering
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Burst Types.
Normal Burst. Carry data. F Burst. Used in FCCH ( Frequency Correction Channel ). S Burst. Used in SCH ( Synchronization Channel ). Access Burst. Used in RACH ( Random Access Channel ). Dummy Burst
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Burst Types
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Traffic Channels
TCH/F Traffic Channel Full Rate @13 Kbps TCH/H Traffic Channel Half Rate @6.5 Kbps EFR Enhanced Full Rate @13 Kbps
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BCCH Broadcast Control Channel Broadcasting Network / cell specific information FCCH Frequency Correction Control Channel Used by the mobiles for frequency correction SCH Synchronization Channel Synchronize mobiles ( TDMA FN & BSIC ) CBCH Cell Broadcast Control Channel
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Downlink PCH Paging Channel For alerting mobiles AGCH Access Grant Channel For granting access to mobile Uplink RACH Random access channel Mobiles seeking attention of the BTS
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Slow SACCH Slow Associated Control Channel ( duplex ) Transmission of signaling data ( radio link supervision meas., transmit power control, timing advance ) Fast SDCCH Standalone Dedicated Control Channel ( duplex ) Signaling channel used for service request
FACCH
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Fast Associated Control Channel Stealing flag and preemption Used during call setup, handover
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TDMA Superposed on the carrier frequencies. Each Base Station assigned Multiple frequencies.
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FDMA / TDMA
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Multi-path Equalization
MS
Base Station
Training Sequence used to construct an inverse filter to extract the rest of the desired signal.
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Frequency Hopping
Objective
Multi-Path Fading is dependent on carrier frequency. Changing
the carrier frequency slowly, helps alleviate the problem. Co-channel interference is in effect randomized.
Realization
The ARFCN for the channels is changed in each successive frame,
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Frequency Hopping
Channel No.
Fr.1 Fr.2
Time
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Discontinuous Transmission
Average Person speaks for 40% of the time. Transmitter turned off during silence period. Benefit : Minimizes Co-channel Interference. Added Benefit : Conserves Power. VAD ( Voice Activity Detection ):
Voice misinterpreted as noise, Clipping occurs. Noise misinterpreted as Voice, efficiency decreases.
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Discontinuous Reception.
Paging channel used for alerting mobiles. Paging channel is structured into sub-channels. MS to listen only to its own sub-channel. For Power Conservation at the MS.
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Power Classes ( MS ).
Five Power Classes. For Mobile Station ( GSM 900 )
5 levels.
20 W ( 43 dBm ) : Class I. 8 W ( 39 dBm ) : Class II. 5 W ( 37 dBm ) : Class III. 2 W ( 33 dBm ) : Class IV. 0.8 W ( 29 dBm ) : Class V. Power level can be stepped up or down in steps of 2 dB, from the peak power, for the class down to a minimum of 13 dBm (20mW).
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Power Classes ( BS ).
Eight Power Classes. For Base Station.
Eight classes.
320 W ( 55 dBm ) : Class I. 160 W ( 52 dBm ) : Class II. 80 W ( 49 dBm ) : Class III. 40 W ( 46 dBm ) : Class IV. 20 W ( 43 dBm ) : Class V. 10 W ( 40 dBm ) : Class VI. 5 W ( 37 dBm ) : Class VII. 2.5 W ( 34 dBm ) : Class VIII.
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Voice Processing.
Speech
Speech Coding
Channel Coding
Interleaving
Ciphering
Modulation
Speech
Speech Decoding
Channel DeCoding
DeInterleaving
DeCiphering
DeModulation
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