Composite Material :

Structures, Properties, and

Applications.

Ridwan Hakim Adnan

1910311036
Proses Manufaktur C
Composite Materials
• A composite material is a combination of two or more chemically
distinct and insoluble phases with a recognizable interface, in such a
manner that its properties and structural performance are superior to
those of the constituents acting independently.

• These combinations are known as metal-matrix and ceramic-matrix

composites.
Structures of Reinforced Plastics
• Reinforced plastics, also known as polymer-matrix composites (PMC)
and fiber reinforced plastics (FRP), consist of fibers (the discontinuous,
or dispersed, phase) in a polymer matrix (the continuous phase).
• These fibers are strong and stiff, and they have high specific strength
(strength-to-weight ratio) and specific stiffness (stiffness-to-weight
ratio). In addition, reinforced-plastic structures have improved fatigue
resistance, greater toughness, and higher creep resistance than those
made of unreinforced plastics.
• Reinforced-plastic structures are relatively easy to design, fabricate, and
repair.
 Method of Reinforced Plastics

Figure 9.2 Schematic illustration of methods of reinforcing plastics (matrix) with (a) particles,
(b) short or long fibers or flakes, and (c) continuous fibers. The laminate structures shown in
(d) can be produced from layers of continuous fibers or sandwich structures using a foam or
honeycomb core (see also Fig. 16.50).
Characteristics of Composite Materials
Tensile Strength and Modulus Fibers in Plastic

Figure 9.3 Specific tensile strength (tensile strength-to-density ratio) and specific tensile
modulus (modulus of elasticity-to-density ratio) for various fibers used in reinforced plastics.
Note the wide range of specific strengths and stiffnesses available.
Reinforcing Fibers
• The most common reinforcing fibers for polymer-matrix composites
are:
1. Glass Fibers
• Glass fibers are the most widely used and the least expensive of all fibers. The composite
material is called glass-fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) and may contain between 30 and
60% glass fibers by volume.
2. Carbon Fibers
• Carbon fibers have a combination of low density, high strength and, high stiffness but
more expensive than glass fibers. This product is called carbon-fiber reinforced plastic
(CFRP).
3. Conductive Graphite Fibers
• These fibers are produced to make it possible to enhance the electrical and thermal
conductivity of reinforced plastic components.
4. Ceramic Fibers
• These fibers have low elongation, low thermal conductivity, and good chemical
resistance, in addition to being suitable for high temperature applications.
5. Polymer Fibers
• Polymer fibers may be made of nylon, rayon, acrylics, or aramids; the most common are
aramid fibers. Aramids such as Kevlars are among the toughest fibers and have very high
specific strength. Polymer fibers are made by two processes: melt spinning and dry
spinning.
6. Boron Fibers, etc.
Properties of Reinforcing Fibers
Properties on Reinforced Plastics
• The mechanical and physical properties of reinforced plastics depend
on the type, shape, and orientation of the reinforcing material, the
length of the fibers, and the volume fraction (percentage) of the
reinforcing material.

• The physical properties of reinforced plastics and their resistance to

fatigue, creep, and wear depend greatly on the type and amount of
reinforcement.
• Fibers generally are classified as short (discontinuous) or long
(continuous). The designations “short” and “long” fiber are, in
general, based on the following distinction:

• In a given type of fiber, if the mechanical properties improve as a

result of increasing the average fiber length, then it is called a short
fiber. If no such improvement in properties occurs, it is called a long
fiber.
Effect of Fiber Type on Properties of Fiber-reinforced Nylon

Figure 9.5 The effect

of type of fiber on
various properties of
fiber-reinforced nylon
(6,6). Source:
Courtesy of NASA.
Application of Reinforced Plastics
• Reinforced plastics typically are used in commercial and military aircraft, rocket
components, helicopter blades, automobile bodies, leaf springs, driveshafts, pipes,
ladders, pressure vessels, sporting goods, helmets, boat hulls, and various other
structures and components.
 Boeing 757-200

Figure 9.1 Application of advanced composite materials in Boeing 757-200

commercial aircraft. Source: Courtesy of Boeing Commercial Airplane
Company.
• The hood of the 2008 Mustang automobile is made of a carbon–fiber
composite.
• The contoured frame of the Stealth bomber is fashioned out of
composites consisting of carbon and glass fibers, epoxy-resin
matrixes, high-temperature polyimides, and other advanced
materials.
• The structure of the Lear Fan 2100 passenger aircraft is almost totally
made of graphite–epoxy reinforced plastic.
• Boron fiberreinforced composites are used in military aircraft, golf-
club shafts, tennis rackets, fishing rods, and sailboards.
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