1

Learning Objectives
Identify

the major types and uses of microcomputer, midrange, and mainframe computer systems. Outline the major technologies and uses of computer peripherals for input, output, and storage. Identify the components and functions of a computer system. Identify the computer system and peripherals you would acquire or recommend for a business of your choice.

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The Computer System Concept

Computers

are organized according to the following system functions: Input Keyboards Touch screens Pens Electronic mice Optical scanners Convert data into electronic form
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The Computer System Concept (continued)

Processing Central

Processing Unit (CPU) Two subunits Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU) Control Unit

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The Computer System Concept (continued)

Output Video

display units Printers Audio response units

Convert

electronic information into human-intelligible form

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The Computer System Concept (continued)

Storage Store

data and software instructions May also include cache memory Primary storage unit (hard drive) Secondary storage Magnetic disks Optical disk drives

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The Computer System Concept (continued)

Control The

registers and other circuits of the control unit interpret software instructions and transmit directions to the other components of the computer system

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The Computer System Concept (continued)

Computer

processing speeds Milliseconds (thousandths of a second) Microseconds (millionths of a second) Nanoseconds (billionths of a second) Picoseconds (trillionths of a second)

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The Computer System Concept (continued)

Clock

speeds Megahertz (MHz) Millions of cycles per second Gigahertz (GHz) Billions of cycles per second

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Section II

Computer Peripherals: Input, Output, and Storage Technologies

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Peripherals
Generic

name given to all input, output, and secondary storage devices Depend on direct connections or telecommunications links to the CPU All peripherals are online devices

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Devices for the Hand

Pen

based input Tablet PCs, PDA Pen used to write data Pen used as a pointer Handwriting recognition On screen keyboard
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12

Devices for the hand

Touch

screens Sensors determine where finger points Sensors create an X,Y coordinate Usually presents a menu to users Found in cramped or dirty environments
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13

Devices for the hand

Game

controllers Enhances gaming experience Provide custom input to the game Modern controllers offer feedback Joystick Game pad

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14

Optical Input Devices

Allows

the computer to see input Bar code readers Converts bar codes to numbers UPC code Computer find number in a database Works by reflecting light Amount of reflected light indicates number
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Optical Input Devices

Image

scanners Converts printed media into electronic Reflects light off of the image Sensors read the intensity Filters determine color depths

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Optical input devices

Optical

character recognition (OCR) Converts scanned text into editable text Each letter is scanned Letters are compared to known letters Best match is entered into document Rarely 100% accurate

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17

Audiovisual Input Devices

Microphones Used

to record speech Speech recognition Understands human speech Allows dictation or control of computer Matches spoken sound to known phonemes Enters best match into document
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18

Audiovisual Input Devices

Musical MIDI Connects

Instrument Digital Interface

musical instruments to computer Digital recording or playback of music Musicians can produce professional results

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Audiovisual Input Devices

Digital

cameras Captures images electronically No film is needed Image is stored as a JPG file Memory cards store the images Used in a variety of professions

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Input Technologies
Natural

user interface Enter data and commands directly into a computer Electronic mice and touch pads Optical scanning, handwriting recognition, voice recognition

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Pointing Devices

Used

for entering data and text Work with your operating systems graphical user interface (GUI)

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Pointing Devices (continued)

Electronic Trackball Pointing

mouse

stick Touch pad Touch screen

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Pen-Based Computing

Used

in many hand-held computers and PDAs Digitizer pen Graphics tablet

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Speech Recognition Systems

Digitize,

analyze, and classify your speech and its sound patterns Allow operators to perform data entry without using their hands to key in data or instructions Speaker-independent Voice-messaging computers

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25

Optical Scanning

Read

text or graphics and convert them into digital input Employ photoelectric devices to scan the characters being read

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Optical Scanning (continued)

Optical

character recognition (OCR) Reads OCR characters & codes Merchandise tags Product labels Sort mail, score tests Hand-held optical scanning wands Reads bar coding Universal Product Code (UPC)
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27

Other Input Technologies

Magnetic

stripe technology Credit cards cards Embedded microprocessor chip Debit, credit, and other cards

Smart

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28

Other Input Technologies (continued)

Digital

cameras Still cameras Digital camcorders

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Other Input Technologies (continued)

Magnetic

ink character recognition (MICR) technology Used by banks to sort and post checks and deposit slips 14 characters of a standardized design Reader-sorters

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30

Output Technologies

Video Print Storage

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31

Video Output

Video

monitors Cathode ray tube (CRT) Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)

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32

Printed Output

Inkjet Spray

ink onto the page one line at a time

Laser
Use

an electrostatic process similar to a copier

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33

Storage Trade-Offs

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Storage Trade-Offs (continued)

Computer

storage fundamentals Information is stored through the presence or absence of electronic or magnetic signals Binary representation 1 = ON 0 = OFF

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Storage Trade-Offs (continued)

Computer Bit

storage fundamentals (continued)

smallest element of data May have a value of either one or zero Byte Basic grouping of bits Typically, a byte consists of 8 bits and represents one character of data
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The

36

Storage Trade-Offs (continued)

Computer

storage fundamentals (continued) Storage capacities Kilobytes (KB) 1,000 bytes Megabytes (MB) 1 million bytes

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Storage Trade-Offs (continued)

Computer

storage fundamentals (continued) Gigabytes (GB) 1 billion bytes Terabytes (TB) 1 trillion bytes Petabyte (PB) 1 quadrillion bytes

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38

Storage Trade-Offs (continued)

Direct

and sequential access Terms direct access and random access describe the same concept An element of data or instructions can be directly stored and retrieved by selecting and using any of the locations on the storage media Each storage position Has a unique address Can be individually accessed in approximately the same time
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39

Storage Trade-Offs (continued)

Direct

and sequential access (continued) Sequential access Does not have unique storage addresses Serial process Data are recorded one after another in a predetermined sequence. Locating an individual item requires searching all of the data until the desired item is located
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40

Storage Trade-Offs (continued)

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Semiconductor Memory
Primary

storage of your computer Advantages Small size Great speed Shock and temperature resistant Disadvantage Volatility

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Semiconductor Memory (continued)

Two

basic types of semiconductor memory

RAM

random access memory Volatile memory Read/write memory working memory

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43

Semiconductor Memory (continued)

ROM

read only memory Nonvolatile Used for permanent storage Can be read but not erased or overwritten

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Semiconductor Memory (continued)

Variations PROM

of ROM read only memory

Programmable EPROM

Erasable

programmable read only

memory

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45

Magnetic Disk Storage

Most

common form of secondary storage Data is recorded on tracks in the form of tiny magnetized spots Thousands of bytes recorded on each track

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46

Magnetic Disk Storage (continued)

Types

of Magnetic Disks Floppy disks

Zip

disks disk drives

Hard

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47

Magnetic Disk Storage (continued)

Redundant

arrays of independent disks

(RAID)
Provides

large capacities with high access speeds Data are accessed in parallel over multiple paths from many disks Fault tolerant Storage area networks (SANs) Fiber channel LANs that connect many RAID units
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48

Magnetic Tape Storage

Used

as secondary storage Also used in robotic automated drive assemblies Lower-cost storage Archival storage

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49

Optical Disk Storage

CD-ROM CD-R CD-RW

DVD
DVD-ROM DVD-RAM

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50

Optical Disk Storage (continued)

Business

applications Image processing Provide access to reference materials in a convenient, compact form videos

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51

Discussion Questions
Do

you agree with the statement: The network is the computer? trends are occurring in the development and use of the major types of computer systems?

What

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Discussion Questions (continued)

Do

you think that network computers (NCs) will replace personal computers (PCs) in business applications?

Are

networks of PCs and servers making mainframe computers obsolete?

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53

Discussion Questions (continued)

What

trends are occurring in the development and use of peripheral devices? Why are those trends occurring? When would you recommend the use of each of the following: Network computers NetPCs Network terminals
Information
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appliances in business applications

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54

Discussion Questions (continued)

What

processor, memory, magnetic disk storage, and video display capabilities would you require for a personal computer that you would use for business purposes? other peripheral devices and capabilities would you want to have for your business PC?

What

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55

Real World Case 1 City of Richmond & Tim Beaty Builders

The

Business Value of PDAs

What

are the business benefits of PDAs for business applications? are the limitations of PDAs for business

What

use?

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Real World Case 1 (continued)

The

City of Richmond now wants to use tablet PCs for some applications. What are the advantages of tablet PCs over PDAs and laptop PCs for business applications?

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Real World Case 1 (continued)

Will

the convergence of PDAs, sub-notebook PCs, and cell phones produce an information appliance that will make all of those categories obsolete?

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58

Real World Case 2 United Technologies & Eastman Kodak

The

Business Case for Consolidating Computer Operations and Systems are some of the business benefits that United Technologies will gain from the consolidation of its computer systems, data centers, software, and help centers? limitations might there be?
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What

What

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59

Real World Case 2 (continued)

What

are the business benefits of standardizing on selected models from one manufacturer of desktop and laptop PCs as UTC did with Dell and Kodak did with IBM?
limitations might there be?

What

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Real World Case 2 (continued)

What

are the business benefits of UTCs policy of locking down its new Dell PCs so employees cant download other software from the Internet?
you agree with this policy?

Do

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61

Real World Case 2 (continued)

Should

a conglomerate like UTC with many diverse companies standardize its PC hardware and software and lock out downloads of other software?

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62

Real World Case 3 Boscovs, Winnebago, & WPS Health

Moving

to Linux on the Mainframe

How

can a mainframe run the equivalent of hundreds of Linux server applications at the same time?

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63

Real World Case 3 (continued)

Why

can the total cost of ownership of running Linux applications on the mainframe be less than on Intel-based servers?
other IT and business benefits may be achieved?

What

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Real World Case 3 (continued)

What

challenges or limitations can arise in moving business applications from servers to Linux on a mainframe?

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65

Real World Case 4 La-Z-Boy & Corporate Express

The

Business Benefits of Server Consolidation

What

are the business and technical benefits of using multiple servers to run business applications for a company?

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66

Real World Case 4 (continued)

What

are the business and technical challenges facing companies who depend on many distributed server systems?

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Real World Case 4 (continued)

What

are the business and technical benefits of server consolidation initiatives? are the limitations of such a strategy?

What

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68

Real World Case 5 Los Alamos National Laboratory

The

ROI of Blade Servers

What

are the business and technical benefits of using blade servers versus rack-mounted or traditional servers?

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Real World Case 5 (continued)

What

limitations or challenges might there be in the use of blade servers?

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Real World Case 5 (continued)

When

should a company consider using blade servers?

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