National Institute of Technology

Andhra Pradesh

Life Cycle Assessment of Stabilizing Materials and

Their Blends with Black Cotton Soil
Name: Prachi Tulshiram Bangare
Roll no.: MTGT2109

Internal Supervisor External Supervisor

Dr. Prathyusha Jayanthi Dr. Subramanian Senthilkannan Muthu

1
 Contents
1. Introduction
2. Methodology: Life Cycle Assessment
3. Goal of the Study
4. Scope of the study
5. Life Cycle Inventory Analysis for Sugarcane Bagasse ash
6. Future Scope of the study
7. References

05/16/2023 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF STABILIZING MATERIALS AND THEIR BLENDS WITH BLACK COTTON SOIL 2
 Introduction

• Black Cotton Soil- Expansive- Swelling and Shrinkage

high.

• Stabilizing Materials for BC soil- Cement, lime, bitumen

- Has Adverse

Environmental Impacts

• Innovation – Sustainable Stabilizing Materials

- Sugarcane Bagasse ash, Rice husk ash, fly

ash, Coconut Coir

05/16/2023 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF STABILIZING MATERIALS AND THEIR BLENDS WITH BLACK COTTON SOIL 3
Methodology- Life Cycle Assessment

Goal and Scope Identifying the LCA's purpose and the

expected products of the study, and
Definition determining the boundaries

Quantifying the energy and raw material

inputs and environmental releases
Inventory Analysis associated with each stage of
production.
Life Cycle
Assessment
Assessing the impacts on human health
Methodology and the environment associated with
Impact energy and raw material inputs and
Assessment environmental releases quantified by
the inventory

Evaluating opportunities to reduce

energy, material inputs, or
Interpretation environmental impacts at each
stage of the product life-cycle.

05/16/2023 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF STABILIZING MATERIALS AND THEIR BLENDS WITH BLACK COTTON SOIL 4
Methodology- Life Cycle Assessment

Environmental Impact Categories:

Principle &
ISO 14040 • Global warming potential
Framework
ISO Code used
for LCA
Technical • Potential Energy Demand
ISO 14044 Requirements
and Guidelines • Blue water consumption

• Ozone depletion Potential

Basic Terminologies: • Eutrophication Potential

1. System boundaries: define the processes to be analyzed with regard
• Acidification Potential
to material and energy flows and emissions.
2.  The functional unit of a product system: It is a quantified description • Eco-toxicity Potential
of the performance requirements that the product system fulfils.
• Photochemical Ozone
Formation Potential
Software Available:
GaBi

05/16/2023 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF STABILIZING MATERIALS AND THEIR BLENDS WITH BLACK COTTON SOIL 5
 Goal of the To identify the environmental impacts associated with the use of
Study sugarcane bagasse ash as a stabilizing material.

To identify the environmental impacts associated with the use of

cement as a stabilizing material.

To compare the environmental impacts of sugarcane bagasse ash and

cement as a soil stabilizing material on soil.

05/16/2023 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF STABILIZING MATERIALS AND THEIR BLENDS WITH BLACK COTTON SOIL 6
Scope of the Study
Functional Unit: 1m³ of black cotton soil and stabilizing material blend (da Rocha, et al., 2016).

Fig. General System Boundary

05/16/2023 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF STABILIZING MATERIALS AND THEIR BLENDS WITH BLACK COTTON SOIL 7
Scope of the Study Sugarcane Seeds
Energy
T Sugarcane
Emissions to Air
Water Cultivation of Sugarcane Emissions to Water
Chemicals (Fertilizers) Emissions to Soil

Sugarcane T Sugarcane Bagasse

Energy
Sugarcane Milling Stage Emissions to Air
Water
Emissions to Water
Chemicals
Emissions to Soil

Sugarcane Bagasse Sugarcane Bagasse ash

Sugar
T Electricity and Steam
Energy Cogeneration Emissions to Air
Water Emissions to Water
Emissions to Soil

Sugarcane Bagasse Ash

Black Cotton Soil
T
Inputs Energy Blends
Outputs Water

T Transportation

05/16/2023 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF STABILIZING MATERIALS AND THEIR BLENDS WITH BLACK COTTON SOIL 8
Scope of the Study Raw Material
Energy
T
Raw material: Fe2O3 +
Clinkers
Emissions to Air
Water Al2O3+ SiO2+ CaCO3 Emissions to Water
Chemicals Emissions to Soil

Raw T clinkers
Materials
Clinker 1kg Emissions to Air
Energy
Emissions to Water
Water
Emissions to Soil
Chemicals

Gypsum 0.0475k cement

Sugar
T Electricity and Steam
Energy Cement production Emissions to Air
Water Emissions to Water
Emissions to Soil

cement
Black Cotton Soil
T
Inputs Energy Blends
Outputs Water

T Transportation

05/16/2023 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF STABILIZING MATERIALS AND THEIR BLENDS WITH BLACK COTTON SOIL 9
Properties of Black Cotton Soil and Sugarcane Bagasse ash

Resource: Gowda, et al., (2019) Resource: Gowda, et al., (2019)

Properties of BC Physical and Chemical Properties of bagasse ash
Sl.No. Parameters Properties Physical properties Chemical properties
1 Natural moisture content (%) 13 Property Value Components Percentage by weight
2 Specific gravity 2.58 Specific gravity 3.38 Ignition loss 2.11
3 Sieve analysis results   Liquid limit (%) 41 SiO2 65.27
  Percentage gravel 14.2 Plastic limit (%) None Al2O3 3.11
  Percentage sand 83.9 Optimum moisture content (%) 48 Fe2O3 2.1
  Percentage silt and clay 1.9 Maximum dry density (g/cc) 1.27 CaO 11.16
4 Liquid limit (%) 48.5 Lime reactivity (kg/cc) 32 MgO 1.27
5 Plastic limit (%) 38.22
6 Shrinkage limit (%) 12.39 Comparison of OMC and MDD for 3%, 6%, 9% and 12% of bagasse ash to the soil
7 Soil classification CH
8 Max dry density (g/cc) 1.6 Materials Dry Density (g/cc) OMC (%)
9 Optimum moisture content (%) 27.74 BC Soil 1.44 25
10 UCS (N/mm2) 0.318 BC Soil + 3% Bagasse ash 1.39 25.5
BC Soil + 6% Bagasse ash 1.51 26
BC Soil + 9% Bagasse ash 1.58 26.5
BC Soil + 12% Bagasse ash 1.44 27

05/16/2023 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF STABILIZING MATERIALS AND THEIR BLENDS WITH BLACK COTTON SOIL 10
 Input and output per FU at sugarcane milling stage
Life Cycle Inventory Analysis for Sugarcane Bagasse ash (Kathirvel, P. (2020))

Input/output Unit Amount per kWh

electricity
Input and output per FU at cogeneration stage (Hiloidhari, et. (2021)
Input and output per FU at sugarcane cultivation Amount per
stage (Kathirvel, P. (2020)) Input/output Unit kWh   Maharashtra
Input from nature (Resources) electricity Input from Resources
Water m3 1.53   Maharashtra Water m3 6 × 10—4
Land m2a 0.78 Input from technosphere (Materials/fuels) Input from technosphere (Materials/fuels)
Input from technosphere (Materials/fuels) Water m3 1.7 × 10—3 Sugarcane kg 8.3
Cane seed 2-eyes bud 2 Bagasse kg 2.34 Lime kg 1.2 × 10—2
Diesel kg 0.04 Input from technosphere (Electricity/heat) Sulphur kg 4.8 × 10—3
Lubricantb kg 8.6x10—4 Bagasse cogeneration electricity kWh 0.11 Sodium hydroXide kg 1.5 × 10—2
Fertilizer     Electricity, coal kWh 6.6 × 10—4 Phosphoric acid kg 1.6 × 10—2
Urea as N kg 2.4x10—2 Electricity, natural gas kWh 4.9 × 10—5 Lubricant kg 8.0 × 10—4
Single superphosphate kg Electricity, nuclear kWh 6.5 × 10—5 Input from technosphere (Electricity/heat)
1.1x10—2 Electricity, hydro kWh 3.2 × 10—5 Electricity, coal kWh 2.2 × 10—4
as P
Cattle manure kg 1.7 Output to technosphere (Products and co-products) Electricity, natural gas kWh 1.6 × 10—5
Input from technosphere (Electricity/heat) Electricity kWh 1 Electricity, nuclear kWh 2.2 × 10—5
Electricity, coal kWh 8.1x10—2 Low PT steam kg 3.67 Electricity, hydro kWh 1.1 × 10—5
Electricity, natural gas kWh 6xz -3 Emissions to air
CO2, biogenic kg 0.6 Bagasse cogeneration electricity kWh 0.25
Electricity, hydro kWh 4x10—3
Output to technosphere (products) CH4, biogenic kg 1.6 × 10—4 Low PT steam kg 2.49
Sugarcane kg 8.3 N2O kg 2 × 10—5 Output to technosphere (Products and co-products)
Output to technosphere (avoided products) PM kg 2.3 × 10—3 Sugar kg 1.02
N kg 3.1x10—3 PM10 kg 3.8 × 10—4 Molasses kg 0.37
P kg 1.35x10—3 NOx kg 3 × 10—4 Bagasse kg 2.34
K kg 5.5x10—3 Output to technosphere (Avoided products)
Emissions to air Cogeneration stage Bagasse ash 0.035
production Natural gas kg 1.0 × 10—2
CO2 (fossil) kg 0.37 Emissions to air
CH4 (fossil) kg 4.2x10—4 CO2 (fossil) kg 2.2 × 10—2
N2O kg 3.7x10-4 Emissions to water
Emissions to water Phosphate kg 7 × 10—5
Nitrate kg 1 × 10—2 COD kg 1.7 × 10—3
Phosphate kg 1.7x10—3 BOD5 kg 5 × 10—4
Suspended solids kg 2.6 × 10—4
Waste water kg 0.54

05/16/2023 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF STABILIZING MATERIALS AND THEIR BLENDS WITH BLACK COTTON SOIL 11
 Inputs and outputs for clinkers productions (Li, C., et al., 2015)
Emissions to air Amount

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis for Cement Ammonia

Antimony
Arsenic
2.25e-05 kg
2.24e-09 kg
1.22e-08 kg
Beryllium 2.97e-09 kg
Cadmium 6.87e-09 kg
Carbon dioxide, fossil 0.838 kg
Carbon dioxide, non-fossil 0.0155 kg
Inputs and outputs for clinkers productions (Li, C., et al., 2015) Carbon monoxide, fossil 0.000489 kg
Reference product Amount Chromium 2.1e-09 kg
Clinker 1 kg Chromium VI 5.44e-10 kg
Inputs from Technosphere Amount Cobalt 3.98e-09 kg
Ammonia, liquid 0.000918 kg Copper 1.42e-08 kg
Bauxite 0.04 kg Dioxins, measured as 2,3,7,8- 9.43e-13 kg
Cement factory 6.2e-12 unit tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
Diesel, burned in building machine 0.0132 MJ Lead 8.39e-08 kg
Manganese 5.74e-10 kg
Diesel, low-sulphur 0.000427 kg
Mercury 3.25e-08 kg
Electricity, medium voltage 0.14 kWh
Methane, fossil 8.79e-06 kg
Hard coal 0.145 kg NMVOC, non-methane volatile organic 5.59e-05 kg
Industrial machine, heavy, unspecified 3.76e-05 kg compounds
Iron ore, crude ore, 46% Fe 0.000143 kg Nickel 6.71e-09 kg
Light fuel oil 0.000367 kg Nitrogen oxides 0.000977 kg
Lime, hydrated, loose weight 0.00388 kg Particulates, < 2.5 um 2.37e-05 kg
Limestone, crushed, for mill 0.9 kg Particulates, > 10 um 6.5e-06 kg
Lubricating oil 4.71e-05 kg Particulates, > 2.5 um, and < 10um 0.000123 kg
Magnetite 0.01 kg Zinc 6.34e-08 kg
Refractory, basic, packed 0.00019 kg
Refractory, fireclay, packed 8.21e-05 kg
Refractory, high aluminum oxide, packed 0.000137 kg
Sand 0.05 kg
Steel, chromium steel 18/8, hot rolled 5.86e-05 kg Inputs and outputs for clinkers productions (Li, C., et al., 2015)
Reference product Amount
Inputs from Technosphere Amount
Cement, Portland 1 kg
Tap water 0.336 kg Inputs from Technosphere Amount
Urea, as N 1.5e-06 kg Cement factory 5.36e-11 unit
Inputs from environment Amount Clinker 0.902 kg
Water, cooling, unspecified natural origin 9.57e-06 m3 Electricity, medium voltage 0.0376 kWh
Water, unspecified natural origin 0.0016 m3 Ethylene glycol 0.00019 kg
Gypsum, mineral 0.0475 kg
Limestone, crushed, for mill 0.05 kg
Steel, low-alloyed 5.25e-05 kg
Emissions to air Amount
Heat, waste 0.135 MJ

05/16/2023 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF STABILIZING MATERIALS AND THEIR BLENDS WITH BLACK COTTON SOIL 12
 GaBi Models

05/16/2023 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF STABILIZING MATERIALS AND THEIR BLENDS WITH BLACK COTTON SOIL 13
 GaBi Models

05/16/2023 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF STABILIZING MATERIALS AND THEIR BLENDS WITH BLACK COTTON SOIL 14
Life Cycle Impact Assessment of production of cement and sugarcane bagasse ash
S/N Impact category Unit Cement Portland {ZA} Sugarcane Bagasse Ash Reduction in impacts
1 Global warming kg CO2 eq 0.993 0.213 78.55%
2 Stratospheric ozone kg CFC11 eq 1.94E-7 1.82E-9
depletion 99.06%
3 Ionization radiation kBq Co-60 eq 0.00997 0.00127 87.26%
4 Ozone formation, Human kg NOx eq 0.0021 0.00063
health 70.00%
5 Fine particulate matter kg PM2.5 eq 0.000793 0.000112
formation 85.88%
6 Ozone formation, Terrestrial kg NOx eq 0.00212 0.000987
ecosystem 53.44%
7 Terrestrial acidification kg SO2 eq 0.00244 0.00068 72.13%
8 Freshwater eutrophication kg P eq 0.000316 0.0000986 68.80%
9 Marine eutrophication kg N eq 1.93E-5 0.894E-6 95.37%
10 Terrestrial ecotoxicity kg 1,4-DCB eq 1.04 0.34 67.31%
11 Freshwater ecotoxicity kg 1,4-DCB eq 0.0158 0.0089 43.67%
12 Marine ecotoxicity kg 1,4-DCB eq 0.0214 0.0074 65.42%
13 Human carcinogenic toxicity kg 1,4-DCB eq 0.0244 0.0045 81.56%
14 Human non-carcinogenic kg 1,4-DCB eq 0.497 0.078
toxicity 84.31%
15 Land use m2a crop eq 0.00783 0.00149 80.97%
16 Mineral resource scarcity kg Cu eq 0.00216 0.00067 68.98%
17 Fossil resource scarcity kg oil eq 0.139 0.066 52.52%
18 Water consumption m3 0.00136 0.00047 65.44%

05/16/2023 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF STABILIZING MATERIALS AND THEIR BLENDS WITH BLACK COTTON SOIL 15
Life Cycle Impact Assessment of production of cement and sugarcane bagasse ash

Overall Impacts of production of cement and SBA

100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
g n n th n n n n y y y y y e y y n
in tio tio al tio s t em
a tio tio tio i cit i c it i c it i c it i ci t us r cit r ci t ptio
rm pl
e
di
a he a y c c a c a ox ox ox
to
x
to
x
an
d a a
wa de ra a n orm c os difi p hi p hi c ot c ot c ot i c i c L e
sc
e
sc su
m
a l e n m r f e c i r o r o e e e n n r c r c n
l l ge ge o
ob zo
n tio Hu tte ia la ut ut ia te
r
i ne o ou ou rc
Gl o zi a n , a
es
tr
t r i a r e
e
e
s tr a a r i n i n o es
re
s
at
e
r ic Io
n tio e
m rr r es a te r in r re shw M a rc a rc a lr sil W
e a a t e r w a e e c - c r s
sp
h
rm ul n ,T Te sh M T Fr an on in
e Fo
t o f o tic o r e m n M
ra r ati F
St on
e
pa m Hu m
an
z e r
O Fin fo Hu
e
on
Oz
Cement Portland Sugarcane Bagasse Ash

05/16/2023 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF STABILIZING MATERIALS AND THEIR BLENDS WITH BLACK COTTON SOIL 16
 Discussion 1. Terrestrial acidification is responsible for increase in the acidity of
and soil due to nitrogen oxide, ammonia and sulfur dioxide.
Conclusion

2. Terrestrial Acidification is 72.17% lower for sugarcane bagasse ash

than cement.

05/16/2023 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF STABILIZING MATERIALS AND THEIR BLENDS WITH BLACK COTTON SOIL 17
References
1. Kathirvel, P. (2020). Development of alkali-activated binders from sodium silicate powder
produced from industrial wastes. In New Materials in Civil Engineering (pp. 591-612).
Butterworth-Heinemann.
2. Hiloidhari, M., Vijay, V., Banerjee, R., Baruah, D. C., & Rao, A. B. (2021). Energy-carbon-
water footprint of sugarcane bioenergy: A district-level life cycle assessment in the state of
Maharashtra, India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 151, 111583.
3. Gowda, A. I., Guruprasada, M. D., Manoj, S., Manu, S., Nagaraj, K., & Goutham, D. R. (2019).
Experimental Investigation on Expansive Soil Stabilized Using Bagasse Ash. International
Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 8, 6728-6733.
4. ISO 14040:2006 - Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and Framework.
(2006). https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html. Accessed December 20th, 2022. 
5. ISO 14044:2006 - Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Requirements and Guidelines.
(2006). https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html.  Accessed December 20th, 2022.
6. da Rocha, C. G., Passuello, A., Consoli, N. C., Samaniego, R. A. Q., & Kanazawa, N. M. (2016). Life
cycle assessment for soil stabilization dosages: A study for the Paraguayan Chaco. Journal of cleaner
production, 139, 309-318.
7. Li, C., Cui, S., Nie, Z., Gong, X., Wang, Z., & Itsubo, N. (2015). The LCA of Portland cement production
in China. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 20, 117-127.

05/16/2023 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF STABILIZING MATERIALS AND THEIR BLENDS WITH BLACK COTTON SOIL 18
 Thank You

05/16/2023 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF STABILIZING MATERIALS AND THEIR BLENDS WITH BLACK COTTON SOIL 19