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Measures of Central Tendency (Revised)
Measures of Central Tendency (Revised)
of
Central Tendency
Measure of Central Tendency
a single value that attempts to describe a set
of data by identifying the central position
within that set of data
sometimes called measures of central location
also classed as summary statistics
Measure of Central Tendency
• Mean
• Median
• Mode
MEDIAN
(Grouped & Ungrouped)
Median
• The value or the score scale separates the top
half of the group from the bottom half.
• It is also the middle score when all the scores
in a distribution are ranked according to size.
• The score which has 50% of the remaining
cases above it and 50% below it.
Median for Ungrouped scores
Steps:
a. Arrange the scores from highest to lowest.
b. Locate the median
c. Solve using the formula
Note:
88,81,75,95,98,88,86,72,80,90,92
Array:
72, 75, 80, 81, 86, 88, 88, 90, 92, 95, 98
Median = 88 (6th score)
Array:
115, 118, 119, 120, 120, 124, 125, 127, 127, 128
M
INTERPRETATION:
Half of the students got 122 points and below while the
other half got 122 points and above.
Finding the median for grouped
scores.
Steps:
1. Compute the cumulative frequencies (cf).
2. Divide N by 2 or taking the 50 percent.
3. Find the class interval for which the
cumulative frequency is just less than the
required number of cases.
4. Determine the frequency of the median class.
5. Solve using the formula.
Where:
Md = median
L = exact lower limit of interval containing the
Median
F = sum of frequencies below L
f = frequency of interval containing the
Median
N = number of cases
i = interval
Students’ scores in Math 11 during midterm
exam
Scores f <cf C.B.
120 – 122 2 40
117 – 119 2 38
114 – 116 2 36
111 – 113 4 34
108 – 110 5 30
105 – 107 9 25 104.5 – 107.5
102 – 104 6 16
99 – 101 3 10
96 – 98 4 7
93 – 95 2 3
90 – 92 1 1
N = 40
Given: L = 104.5
F = 16
f=9
N = 40
i =3
106
INTERPRETATION:
Half of the students got 106 points and below while the
other half got 106 points and above.
Characteristics of the Median
• Extreme scores do not affect the size of the
median.
• Mean
• Median
• Mode
Mean
(Grouped &Ungrouped)
TERMS
• MEAN
– Represented by M or
– Used to describe a set of data as to
what point the item values or scores
tend to cluster or concentrate.
– Affected by extreme values
• Ungrouped data
– Data which are raw and unorganized
• Grouped data
– Organized data such that in a table like
in a frequency distribution table.
Mean for ungrouped data
• Sum of the item values divided by the number
of items
• Also called as the simple average of scores.
Can be written mathematically as,
INTERPRETATION:
Most of the students’ scores are close
to 83 points.
Mean for grouped data
= 4135
INTERPRETATION:
Most of the students’ scores are close to 83 points.
Solve the following
1. The number of students in 6 4th year
sections are 45, 55, 58, 62, 57, and 60. What
is the average class size in the 4th year?
2. Calculate the mean of the given distribution on final test
scores in Physics obtained by 100 4th year students.
• Mean
• Median
• Mode
MODE
(Grouped & Ungrouped)
Mode
• Denoted by Mo
• Value that occurs the most frequent in the
given data set.
• Most easily obtained measures of central
tendency.
• Score that occurs more times than any
other scores.
UNGROUPED DATA
The score in a set of scores that occurs most
frequently.
Example:
In the set of scores ( 3,5,5,7,8,8,8,10) the mode is
8 because it occurs more often than any other
score.
Given these ungrouped scores, find the mode.
Raw scores:
96 97 93 90 95 91 92 98 88
97 90 90 91 94 96 90 90 87
Formula:
𝑀𝑜= 𝐿𝐵 +(𝑖)
( 𝑓 𝑚𝑜 − 𝑓 1
2 𝑓 𝑚𝑜 − 𝑓 1 − 𝑓 2 )
Where:
Lmo = Lower class boundary of the modal
class
C = Class size
fmo = frequency of the modal class
f1 = frequency of the class one step
lower than the modal class
f2 = frequency of the class one step
higher than the modal class
Class
Scores f
boundaries
40-44 4
45-49 5
50-54 8 𝒇𝟏
55-59 10 𝒇 𝒎𝒐 54.5-59.5
60-64 7 𝒇𝟐
65-69 6
70-74 5
INTERPRETATION:
It is estimated that about 22%(10 out of 45) of the observations
are equal to 57 pts. (Majority of the students get the score of 57
pts.)
Conventional Use of Mode