TOKYO UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE

Department of Global Fire Science and Technology

Examination of the accuracy of critical member

temperature calculation formulae for steel beams in
Eurocode 3 and FRVM

Le Hai Yen – 11/04/2023

Cross-section of the beam and boundary condition 2
Cross-section Boundary condtion
S-D
(simply supported end –
distributed load)

S-C
(simply supported end
–concentrated load)

R-D
(restrained beam–
distributed load)

R-D
(restrained beam–
H- 400x200x8x13 concentrated load)
Load ratio and Deflection criteria 3
Ratio of moment (Load ratio) Deflection criteria
Case 1: Load ratio Md / MRd = 0.64
Case 2: Load ratio Md / MRd = 0.5 - ISO 834:
Case 3: Load ratio Md / MRd = 0.32 = = 100 mm
Ratio of shear force
Load ratio of moment - Ryan and Robert
0.64 0.5 0.32 = = = 50 mm
S-D 0.34 0.27 0.17
S-C 0.17 0.13 0.09
R-D 0.51 0.4 0.25
R-C 0.34 0.27 0.17
I. The Critical temperature following Eurocode 3, FRVM and Abaqus 4
 Eurocode3  FRVM
I. Critical temperature following Eurocode 3, FRVM and Abaqus 5
 Abaqus
Tcr,ave : Average of 4 nodes
Tcr,max : Temperature of node 2
Tnode 4 : Temperature of node 4

900
Steel temperature development
800
700
Temperature (C)
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time (min)
Node 1 Node 2 Node 3 Node 4 4node-average
Eurocode-average 20
 I. The Critical temperature following Eurocode 3, FRVM and Abaqus 6
Deflection of S-D beam - load ratio 0.64
 Modelling in Abaqus 0

Separated into 2 distinguished steps

Deflection (mm)
-50

-100

-150

-200
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time (min)
S-D-25 S-D-20 S-D-20 old

0 Deflection of S-D beam - load ratio 0.5 Deflection of S-D beam - load ratio 0.32
0

-50
Deflection (mm)

-50

Deflection (mm)
-100 -100

-150 -150

-200 -200
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
Time (min) Time (min)
S-D-25 S-D-20 S-D-25 S-D-20 S-D-20 old
 I. The Critical temperature following Eurocode 3, FRVM and Abaqus 7
Deflection of S-C beam - load ratio
 Modelling in Abaqus 0
-20 0.64
-40

Deflection (mm)
-60
-80
0 Deflection of R-D beam - load ratio -100
-20 0.64 -120
-40 -140
Deflection (mm)

-60 -160
-180
-80
0 20 40 60 80 100
-100 Time (min)
-120
-140
-160 0 Deflection of R-C beam - load ratio
-180 -20 0.64
0 20 40 60 80 100 -40

Deflection (mm)
R-D-25
Time
R-D-20
(min) R-D-20 old -60
-80
-100
-120
-140
-160
-180
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time (min)
R-C-25 R-C-20 R-C-20 old
I. The Critical temperature results 8
 ẟ ≤ = 100mm, load ratio = 0.64  FRVM:
  Critical temperature (ᵒC)
Simply supported
end – distributed
Simply supported end Restrained beam – Restrained beam –
– concentrated load distributed load concentrated load
- The lowest data
Ratio load
(S-D)
(S-C) (R-D) (R-C) - R-D higher than other beams.
20mm 25mm 20mm 25mm 20mm 25mm 20mm 25mm
(Eurocode) 638  Eurocode 3:
(FRVM) 458 458 520 459
Tcr,ave (Abaqus) 556 557 616 615 635 638 613 617 - Higher than Tcr,ave
0.64
Tcr,max
(Abaqus)
635 630 693 687 710 709 691 689 - Lower than Tcr,max in Abaqus
Tnode 4
(Abaqus)
593 597 656 658 676 683 653 661 except for S-D beam.
800
Critical temperature of beam-load ratio  Abaqus:
0.64
700
- 20mm and 25mm has the
Temperature (ᵒC)

600
500 approximate temperature
400  S-D beam: Tcr,ave is the most similar
300
200 to FRVM
100 - Tnode 4 is the most similar to Eurocode
0
S-D S-C R-D R-C 3, except for S-D beam.
average_20mm average_25mm max_20mm max_25mm Eurocode 3
FRVM
I. The Critical temperature results 9
 ẟ ≤ = 100mm, load ratio = 0.5  FRVM:
  Critical temperature (ᵒC)
Simply supported
Simply supported end Restrained beam – Restrained beam –
- The lowest data
end – distributed
Ratio
load
(S-D)
– concentrated load
(S-C)
distributed load
(R-D)
concentrated load
(R-C) - R-D higher than other beams.
20mm 25mm 20mm 25mm 20mm 25mm 20mm 25mm  Eurocode 3:
(Eurocode) 676
(FRVM) 512 512 559 512 - Higher than Tcr,ave , except for
T (Abaqus) 597 599 652 651 689 692 668 671
0.5
cr,ave
R-D beam.
T (Abaqus) 676 671 724 719 751 752 734 733
cr,max
- Lower than Tcr,max in Abaqus
T (Abaqus) 637 642 694 696 730 733 712 718
except for S-D beam.
node 4

 Abaqus:
800 Critical temperature beam-load ratio 0.5
700 - 20mm and 25mm has the
600
approximate temperature
Temperature (ᵒC)

500
400 - S-D beam: Tcr,ave is the most similar
300
200 to FRVM
100 - Tnode 4 is the most similar to
0
S-D S-C
average_20mm average_25mm max_20mm max_25mm
R-D R-C
Eurocode 3, except for S-D beam.
Eurocode 3 FRVM
 I. The Critical temperature results 10
 ẟ ≤ = 100mm, load ratio = 0.32  FRVM:
  Critical temperature (ᵒC)
Simply supported
end – distributed
Simply supported end Restrained beam – Restrained beam – - The lowest data
Ratio – concentrated load distributed load concentrated load
load
(S-D)
(S-C) (R-D) (R-C) - R-D higher than other beams.
20mm 25mm 20mm 25mm 20mm 25mm 20mm 25mm
744
(Eurocode)
(FRVM) 580 580 610 581
 Eurocode 3:
0.32
Tcr,ave (Abaqus) 667 668 765 758 906 915 852 863 - Lower than Tcr,ave , except for S-D
Tcr,max
(Abaqus)
733 732 846 833 978 984 929 935 beam.
Tnode 4
710 714 792 789 961 978 896 915
(Abaqus)  Abaqus:
1200 Critical temperature beam-load ratio 0.32 - 20mm and 25mm has the
1000 approximate temperature
- S-D beam: Tcr,ave is the most similar
Temperature (ᵒC)

800

600 to FRVM
400 - Tcr,ave is the most similar to Eurocode
200
3, except for S-D beam.
0
S-D S-C R-D R-C
average_20mm average_25mm max_20mm max_25mm
Eurocode 3 FRVM
I. The Critical temperature results 11
 ẟ ≤ = 50mm, load ratio = 0.64  FRVM:
  Critical temperature (ᵒC)
Simply supported
end – distributed
Simply supported end Restrained beam – Restrained beam –
– concentrated load distributed load concentrated load
- The lowest data
Ratio load
(S-D)
(S-C) (R-D) (R-C) - R-D higher than other beams.
20mm 25mm 20mm 25mm 20mm 25mm 20mm 25mm
(Eurocode) 638
(FRVM) 458 458 520 459  Eurocode 3:
0.64
Tcr,ave (Abaqus)
Tcr,max
522 521 556 554 556 558 552 553
- The highest data
601 593 635 627 635 630 631 625
(Abaqus)
Tnode 4
(Abaqus)
557 560 593 594 593 598 589 593  Abaqus:
Critical temperature beam-load ratio 0.64 - 20mm and 25mm has the
700
600
approximate temperature
500 - Tcr,ave is the most similar to
Temperature (ᵒC)

400 FRVM
300
200
100
0
S-D S-C R-D R-C
average_20mm average_25mm max_20mm max_25mm
Eurocode 3 FRVM
I. The Critical temperature results 12
 ẟ ≤ = 50mm, load ratio = 0.5
  Critical temperature (ᵒC)  FRVM:
Simply supported
Ratio
end – distributed
Simply supported end Restrained beam – Restrained beam –
– concentrated load distributed load concentrated load - The lowest data
load
(S-D)
20mm 25mm 20mm
(S-C)
25mm 20mm
(R-D)
25mm
(R-C)
20mm 25mm
- R-D higher than other beams.
(Eurocode) 676
(FRVM) 512 510 558 512  Eurocode 3:
0.5
Tcr,ave (Abaqus) 561 560 598 596 600 601 597 597
- The highest data
Tcr,max
640 633 677 669 679 674 675 670
(Abaqus)
Tnode 4
(Abaqus)
599 601 638 639 640 644 636 640  Abaqus:
Critical temperature beam-load ratio 0.5
- 20mm and 25mm has the
800
700
approximate temperature
600 - Tcr,ave is the most similar to
Temperature (ᵒC)

500
400
FRVM, except for S-D beam.
300
200
100
0
S-D S-C R-D R-C
average_20mm average_25mm max_20mm max_25mm
Eurocode 3 FRVM
I. The Critical temperature results 13
 ẟ ≤ = 50mm, load ratio = 0.32  FRVM:
  Critical temperature (ᵒC)
Simply supported
end – distributed
Simply supported end Restrained beam – Restrained beam – - The lowest data
Ratio – concentrated load distributed load concentrated load
load
(S-D)
(S-C) (R-D) (R-C) - R-D higher than other beams.
20mm 25mm 20mm 25mm 20mm 25mm 20mm 25mm
(Eurocode)
(FRVM) 580 581
744
611 582
 Eurocode 3:
0.32
Tcr,ave (Abaqus) 626 624 648 645 680 681 672 674 - The highest data
Tcr,max
702 695 721 715 740 740 735 734
(Abaqus)
Tnode 4
(Abaqus)
666 668 689 690 723 727 717 720  Abaqus:
800 Critical temperature beam-load ratio 0.32 - 20mm and 25mm has the
700 approximate temperature
600 - Tcr,ave is the most similar to
Temperature (ᵒC)

500
400 FRVM, except for S-D beam.
300
200
100
0
S-D S-C R-D R-C
average_20mm average_25mm max_20mm max_25mm
Eurocode 3 FRVM
I. The Critical temperature results 14
 S-D beams: Tcr,ave FRVM
 S-C, R-C, R-D beams:
 ẟ ≤ = 100mm  ẟ ≤ = 50mm
 Md / MRd = 0.64  Md / MRd = 0.32
Md / MRd = 0.5

Tnode 4 Eurocode 3 Tcr,ave Eurocode 3 Tcr,ave FRVM

 II. The retained-time 15
In Eurocode 3: the temperature development of steel will depend on the temperature of the
cover, assumed 2 cases for the temperature of cover:
 Case 1: Temperature of cover = ambient temperature
 steel temperature-max  Retained time:
 Case 2: Temperature of cover = average of ambient temperature + steel
 steel temperature – average  Retained time:

ISO 834 curve and steel temperature

1200

1000
Temperature (ᵒC)

800

600

400

200

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Time (min)
Steel temperature - max ISO 834
Steel temperature - average
 II. The retained-time 16
 ẟ ≤ = 100mm, load ratio = 0.64  FRVM:
  Retained-time (min)
Ratio 20mm 25mm - The lowest data
S-D S-C R-D R-C S-D S-C R-D R-C
- R-D higher than other beams.
54 63
70 82  Abaqus:
0.64
FRVM 49 49 56 49 60 60 67 60 - S-D beam: is the nearest data to
Abaqus 61 70 73 70 72 82 87 83 Abaqus
- is approximate with Abaqus
Retained time of beam - load ratio 0.64 results, except for S-D beam.
R-C 83
70

R-D 87
73

82
Abaqus: retained time increase 17-
S-C 70
19% when protection thickness
S-D 61
72 increase from 20mm to 25mm
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time (min)
25mm 20mm
 II. The retained-time 17
 ẟ ≤ = 100mm, load ratio = 0.5  FRVM:
  Retained-time (min)
Ratio 20mm 25mm - The lowest data
S-D S-C R-D R-C S-D S-C R-D R-C
- R-D higher than other beams.
60 69
76 89  Abaqus:
0.5
FRVM 55 55 59 55 66 66 71 66 - S-D beam: is the nearest data to
Abaqus 67 77 88 81 79 90 104 96 Abaqus
- is approximate with Abaqus
Retained time of beam - load ratio 0.5 results, except for S-D beam.
R-C 96
81

R-D 104
88
Abaqus: retained time increase 17-
S-C 77
90
18.5% when protection thickness
S-D 67
79 increase from 20mm to 25mm
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time (min)
25mm 20mm
 II. The retained-time 18
 ẟ ≤ = 100mm, load ratio = 0.32  FRVM:
  Retained-time (min)
Ratio 20mm 25mm - The lowest data
S-D S-C R-D R-C S-D S-C R-D R-C
- R-D higher than other beams.
80 91
97 113  Abaqus:
0.32
FRVM 59 59 59 59 71 71 71 71 - S-D beam: is the nearest data to
Abaqus 80 105 137 123 95 121 161 145 Abaqus
- is approximate with Abaqus
results, except for S-D beam.
Retained time of beam - load ratio 0.32
R-C 145
123

161
R-D 137 Abaqus: retained time increase 15-
S-C 105
121 19% when protection thickness
95
increase from 20mm to 25mm
S-D 80
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Time (min)
25mm 20mm
 II. The retained-time 19
 ẟ ≤ = 50mm, load ratio = 0.64  FRVM:
  Retained-time (min)
Ratio 20mm 25mm - The lowest data
S-D S-C R-D R-C S-D S-C R-D R-C
- R-D higher than other beams.
54 63
70 82  Abaqus:
0.64
FRVM 49 49 56 49 60 60 67 60 - is approximate with Abaqus
Abaqus 56 61 61 60 67 72 72 71 results

Retained time of beam - load ratio 0.64

R-C 71
60

R-D 72 Abaqus: retained time increase 18-

61
19.5% when protection thickness
72
S-C 61 increase from 20mm to 25mm
S-D 67
56
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time (min)
25mm 20mm
 II. The retained-time 20
 ẟ ≤ = 50mm, load ratio = 0.5  FRVM:
  Retained-time (min)
Ratio 20mm 25mm - The lowest data
S-D S-C R-D R-C S-D S-C R-D R-C
- R-D higher than other beams.
60 69
76 89  Abaqus:
0.5
FRVM 55 55 59 55 66 66 71 66 - is approximate with Abaqus
Abaqus 62 67 68 67 73 79 80 79 results

Retained time of beam - load ratio 0.5

R-C 79
67
Abaqus: retained time increase 17-
R-D 80
68 18% when protection thickness
S-C 67
79 increase from 20mm to 25mm
S-D 73
62
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Time (min)
25mm 20mm
 II. The retained-time 21
 ẟ ≤ = 50mm, load ratio = 0.32  FRVM:
  Retained-time (min)
Ratio 20mm 25mm - The lowest data
S-D S-C R-D R-C S-D S-C R-D R-C
- R-D higher than other beams.
80 91
97 113  Abaqus:
0.32
FRVM 59 59 59 59 71 71 71 71 - is approximate with Abaqus
Abaqus 72 76 84 82 84 89 100 97 results

Retained time of beam - load ratio 0.32

R-C 97
82

100
Abaqus: retained time increase 16.5-
R-D 84
19% when protection thickness
S-C 76
89
increase from 20mm to 25mm
S-D 84
72
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time (min)
25mm 20mm
II. The retained-time 22
 ẟ ≤ = 100mm  ẟ ≤ = 50mm
 S-D beam  S-C beam
R-D beam
R-C beam

Abaqus Abaqus Abaqus

III. The next step 23
- Calculation and modelling with H600x200x11x17 steel
beam.
Thank you for your kind attention!