Computer Networks

Lecture # 5

Course Title: Computer Networks

Instructor: Tahira Malik (Lecturer)
Email Address: tahira@uosahiwal.edu.pk
Department of Computer Science
Term (Semester): Fall 2020

1
 Objectives
• To explain the TCP/IP in detail

2
 TCP/IP Protocol Suit
• The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly match
those in the OSI model. The original TCP/IP protocol suite was
defined as having four layers: host-to-network, internet,
transport, and application. However, when TCP/IP is compared
to OSI, we can say that the TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five
layers: physical, data link, network, transport, and application.
• Topics discussed in this section:
• Physical and Data Link Layers
• Network Layer
• Transport Layer
• Application Layer
Figure-1 TCP/IP and OSI model
 ADDRESSING

• Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing the

TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical, port, and specific.
• Topics discussed in this section
Physical Addresses
Logical Addresses
Port Addresses
Specific Addresses
Figure -2 Addresses in TCP/IP
 Physical address:

• When referring to computers in general or computer memory,

the physical address is the computer memory address of a
physical hardware device.

• When referring to a network address, physical address is

sometimes used to describe the MAC address.

• This is specified by the manufacture company of the card.

• This address is used by data link layer.

 MAC address:
• A hardware address that uniquely identifies each node of a
network.
• In IEEE 802 networks, the Data Link Control (DLC) Layer of
the OSI.
• Model is divided into two sub-layers
1. Logical Link Control (LLC) layer
2. Media Access Control (MAC) layer
• The MAC layer interfaces directly with the network medium.
Consequently, each different type of network medium
requires a different MAC layer.
• The chance to see the MAC address is very difficult for any of
your equipment.
 MAC Address (Cont…)
• Software that helps your computer communicate with a network
takes care of matching the MAC address to a logical address.

• If you'd like to see the MAC address and logical address used by
the Internet Protocol (IP) for your Windows computer, you can
run a small program that Microsoft provides.
• Go to the "Start" menu, click on "Run," and in the window that
appears, type cmd and then type (IPCONFIG/ALL for Windows).
• When the gray window appears, click on "More Info" and
you'll get information.
 Logical address:

• An IP address of the system is called logical address.

• This address is the combination of Net ID and Host ID.
• This address is used by network layer to identify a particular
network (source to destination) among the networks.
• This address can be changed by changing the host position on
the network. So it is called logical address.
• The IP address is the logical address assigned to your
connection by your ISP or network administrator.
• The logical address is what the network uses to pass
information along to your computer.
 Port Address:

• There are many application running on the computer.

• Each application run with a port no.(logically) on the
computer.
• This port no. for application is decided by the Kernel of the
OS.
• This port no. is called port address.
Figure-3 Relationship of layers and
addresses in TCP/IP
 Example-1

• In Figure-4 a node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a

node with physical address 87. The two nodes are connected
by a link (bus topology LAN). As the figure shows, the
computer with physical address 10 is the sender, and the
computer with physical address 87 is the receiver.
Figure -4 Physical addresses
 Example-2
• Most local-area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical
address written as 12 hexadecimal digits; every byte (2
hexadecimal digits) is separated by a colon, as shown below:

• 07:01:02:01:2C:4B

• A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.

 Example-3
• Figure-5 shows a part of an internet with two routers
connecting three LANs. Each device (computer or router) has a
pair of addresses (logical and physical) for each connection. In
this case, each computer is connected to only one link and
therefore has only one pair of addresses. Each router,
however, is connected to three networks (only two are shown
in the figure). So each router has three pairs of addresses, one
for each connection.
Figure-5 IP addresses
 Example-4

• Figure-6 shows two computers communicating via the

Internet. The sending computer is running three processes at
this time with port addresses a, b, and c. The receiving
computer is running two processes at this time with port
addresses j and k. Process a in the sending computer needs to
communicate with process j in the receiving computer. Note
that although physical addresses change from hop to hop,
logical and port addresses remain the same from the source
to destination.
Figure-6 Port addresses
• The physical addresses will change from hop to hop,but the
logical addresses usually remain the same.
 Example-5

• As we will see in Chapter 23, a port address is a 16-bit address

represented by one decimal number as shown.
• 753

• A 16-bit port address represented

as one single number.
 Specific address
Some applications have user friendly addresses that are
designed for that specific address. Examples include the email
address( fourazan@uos.edu.pk) and the universal resource
locator(URL) ( for example, www.google.com) . The first defines
the recipient of an email and second is used to find a document
on the world wide web. These addresses, however get changed
to the corresponding port and logical addresses by the sending
computer.