Sherwin P. Rosales.

EMT
PDRRMC Training and Safety Officer
Introduction to Basic Life Support
 

Basic Life Support

Are emergency procedure that consists of
recognizing respiratory or cardiac arrest or
both and the proper application of CPR to
maintain life until a victim recovers or
advanced life support is available.
Respiratory Arrest – (-) Breathing (+) Pulse
LLF – Look, Listen and Feel (10 seconds)
Opening of Airway:
ADULT (13y/o above) – Maximum Head
Tilt Chin Lift
CHILD ( 12 y/o – 1 y/o) – Neutral Plus
Position
Infant (Newborn-1y/o) – Neutral Position
Cardiac Arrest (-) Breathing
(-) Pulse
Adult and Child – CAROTID
PULSE
INFANT – BRACHIAL PULSE
Counting – 1001-1010
Airway and Breathing Emergencies
 

Foreign-body Airway Obstructions

Also known as choking, is a common
breathing emergency that occurs when the
person’s airway is partially or completely
blocked by a foreign object, such as a piece of
food or a small toy; by swelling in the mouth
or throat; or by fluids, such as vomit or blood.
 Two Types of Obstruction
1. Anatomical Obstruction. Classification of Airway
When tongue drops back and Obstruction
1. Mild airway
obstructs the throat. Other obstruction is a type of
causes are acute asthma, obstruction in which
patient can still talk,
croup, diphtheria, swelling cough, make wheezing
and whooping cough. sounds, and answer the
question “Are you
2. Mechanical Obstruction. choking?”
2. Severe airway
When foreign objects lodged obstruction is a poor
in the pharynx or airways; air exchange and
increased breathing
solid or liquid accumulate in difficulty, inability to
the back of the throat. speak, cough and
breathe.
Abdominal/Chest thrust/ Backslaps
Is a first aid procedure that is performed on a
person who is chocking. This is done by
applying pressure on the upper abdomen or
at the chest at the center of the breastbone
from the back so as to remove the chocking
object.
Respiratory Arrest
Respiratory arrest is a type of
breathing emergencies which
occurs when breathing has
stopped.
Rescue Breathing
Is a technique of breathing air into a person
to supply him or her with the oxygen needed
to survive. Rescue breathing is given to
victims who are not breathing or inadequate
but still have pulse.
Asthma Attack
Asthma is an illness in which certain substances
or conditions; called “triggers,” cause
inflammation and constriction of the airways,
making breathing difficult.
Signs and Symptoms

Hoarse whistling sound

during exhalation (wheezing)
Trouble breathing or
shortness of breath
Rapid, shallow breathing
Sweating
Tightness in the chest
Inability to talk without
stopping for a breath
Feelings of fear or confusion
First Aid Management
 Remain calm.
 Help the person to sit comfortably.
 Loosen any tight clothing around the neck
and abdomen.
 Assist the person with his or her
prescribed quick-relief medication under
the following conditions:
 The victim states that he or she is having
an asthma attack and has medications (e.g.,
a prescribed bronchodilator) or an inhaler.
 The victim identifies the medication and is unable to administer it
without assistance.
Hyperventilation
Hyperventilation occurs when a
person’s breathing is faster and more
shallow than normal. When this
happens, the body does not take in
enough oxygen to meet its demands.
Signs and Symptoms
People who are hyperventilating feel as if
they cannot get enough air. Often they are
afraid and anxious or seem confused. They
may say that they feel dizzy or that their
fingers and toes feel numb or tingly.
First Aid Management
 Help the person rest in a comfortable
position.
 If the person is conscious, check for other
conditions.
 Try to reassure the person to reduce their
anxiety.
 If bystanders are present ask them what
they know about the person’s condition.
 Tell the person to relax and breathe slowly.
 Seek medical help immediately.
CHAIN OF SURVIVAL
Early Access
Recognition of cardiac arrest and early activation of emergency
response system.

Early Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation

It is most effective when started immediately after the victim’s collapse.
The probability of survival approximately doubles when it is initiated
before the arrival of EMS.
Early Defibrillation
It is most likely improve survival. It is the key intervention to increase
the chances of survival of patients with “out-of-hospital” cardiac arrest.

Early Advance Cardiac Life Support

If provided by highly trained personnel like paramedics, provision of
advanced care outside the hospital would be possible.

Post Cardiac Arrest Care

For post resuscitative and long term resuscitation.
Heart Attack
Also called myocardial
infarction occurs when
the blood and oxygen
supply to the heart is
reduced causing damage
to the heart muscle and
preventing blood from
circulating effectively. It
is usually caused by
coronary heart disease.
 Signs and Symptoms
What to Look for:
Chest pain, discomfort or pressure
Pain may be associated from discomfort to unbearable
crushing sensation in the chest.
Person may describe it as pressure, squeezing,
tightness, aching or heaviness in the chest.
Some individual may not show signals at all.

What to do:
Have the patient stop from what he or she is doing and
sit or lie him/her down in a comfortable position. Do not
let him/her to move around.
Have someone call the physician or ambulance for help.
If patient is under pressure, assist him/her in taking
his/her prescribed medicine/s.
Cardiac Arrest
Is a condition occurs when the heart stops
contracting and no blood circulates thru the
blood vessels and vital organs are deprived of
oxygen.
Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation
Is a combination of chest compression and
rescue breathing.
CRITERIA FOR NOT
STARTING
Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation (CPR)
The patient has valid Do
Not Attempt Resuscitation
(DNAR) order.
The patient has signs of
irreversible death, rigor
mortis, decapitation or
dependent lividity.
 TABLE OF COMPARISON ON
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
FOR ADULT, CHILD AND INFANT
Action ADULT CHILD INFANT
(13 years old and (1-12 years old) (under 1 year old)
above)
COMPRESSION Center of the chest Center of the
AREA (on lower half of sternum) chest
(on lower half of
sternum, just
bellow nipple
line)
DEPTH At least 2 inches About 2 inches About 1 ½ inches
(5cm) (5cm) (4cm)
HOW TO 2 Heel of (One Heel of 1 Hand or 2 fingers (middle
COMPRESS hand on top of the 2 hands & ring fingertips)
other)
COMPRESSION / 30:2 30:2 for 1 rescuers
VENTILATION 1 or 2 rescuers 15:2 for 2 rescuers
RATIO
 TABLE OF COMPARISON ON
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
FOR ADULT, CHILD AND INFANT
Action ADULT CHILD INFANT
(13 years old and (1-12 years old) (under 1 year old)
above)
WAYS TO Mouth-to-mouth Mouth-to-
VENTILATE Mouth-to-nose mouth & nose
Protective equipment to ventilate:
Face Shield; Face Mask and Bag Valve Mask (BVM)
VENTILATIONS Until the chest clearly rises (about 1 second per
ventilation)
NUMBER OF 5 cycles 5 cycles for 1 rescuers
CYCLES PER 1 or 2 rescuers 10 cycles for 2 rescuers
TWO MINUTE
 TABLE OF COMPARISON ON
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
FOR ADULT, CHILD AND INFANT

Action ADULT CHILD INFANT

(13 years (1-12 years (under 1 year
old and old) old)
above)
COUNTING FOR 1* 2* 3* 4* 5* 6* 7* 8* 9* 10*
STANDARDIZATIO 11* 12* 13* 14* 15* 16* 17* 18* 19*
N 20*
PURPOSES 1* 2* 3* 4* 5* 6* 7* 8* 9* and 1
Then breathe, breathe
(..up to 5 cycles
Chest When to STOP
compression only Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation (CPR)
(Hands only) CPR
 Spontaneous signs of
breathing and
Is done if a circulation.
person in  Turned over to
unwilling or professional provider.
unable to perform  Operator is exhausted.
ventilations.  Physician assumes
responsibility.
 Scene become unsafe
Automated External Defibrillator (AED)
AEDs are computerized devices that are attached
to a pulseless victim with adhesive pads. They
will recommend shock delivery only if the
victim’s heart rhythm is one that a shock can
treat. AEDs give rescuers visual and voice
prompts to guide rescuer actions.
Ventricular Fibrillation (VF)
Is a common initial rhythm in witnessed sudden
cardiac arrest. It occurs when the heart has rapid,
uncoordinated, ineffective contractions and does
not pump blood.

Defibrillation
Is the treatment of irregular, sporadic or absent
heart rhythms by an electrical current to the
heart.
The most effective treatment for VF is electrical
defibrillation.
The probability of successful defibrillation
decreases quickly over time.
VF deteriorates to asystole if not treated.
 3 clinical findings:
Use of AED Pads 

No Response
No Breathing
ADULT (Victims 9 Years of Age and Older)  No Pulse

 Use only adult pads (do NOT use child pads or a

child key or switch for victims 8 years of age and
older).
CHILD (Victims 1 to 8 Years of Age)
 Use child pads if available. If you do not have child
pads, you may use adult pads as long as the pads
do not touch.
 If the AED has a key or switch that will deliver a
child shock dose, turn the key or switch.
 For unwitnessed, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in
children, perform 5 cycles or 2 minutes of CPR
before using and attaching the AED.
For any in-hospital cardiac arrest or for any sudden collapse of a child out-of-
hospital, use AED as soon as it available.
Lone Rescuer with an AED
 The lone rescuer should quickly activate the
emergency response system and get the AED.
 The rescuer should then return to the victim and
begin the steps of CPR.
 The AED should be used only if the victim does
not respond, has no breathing, and has no pulse.
There are 2 exceptions to this rule:
1. If the victim is an adult and a likely victim of
asphyxial arrest, the rescuer should give 5 cycles
of CPR before activating the emergency response
system and getting AED.
2. If the victim is a child and the rescuer did not
witness the arrest, the rescuer should give 5
cycles of CPR before activating the emergency
response system and getting the AED.