P R E S E N T AT I O N

B IO CHE MIST RY

BLOOD
TYPES
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 BLOOD
• A specialized body fluid containing four major
components. Mainly: Plasma, Red Blood Cells,
White Blood Cells, and platelets.
• Transports oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and
tissues.
• Forms blood clots to prevent excess blood loss
• Classified into different types: A, B, AB, and O
which could then be either (+) or (-).
 PLASMA
• Helps the body recover from injuries
• Distributes nutrients
• Removes waste and prevents infection,
while also moving throughout the
circulatory system.
RED BLOOD WHITE
CELL BLOOD CELL
• Contains • Part of the body’s
hemoglobin that immune system
carries oxygen that helps the body
fight infection and
other diseases.
TYPES OF WHITE
BLOOD CELLS
• NEUTROPHILS – ARE THE FIRST
RESPONDER OF IMMUNE CELLS.
• BASOPHILS – RELEASE HISTAMINE TO
MOUNT A NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNE
RESPONSE.
• EOSINOPHILS – FIGHT BACTERIA AND
PARASITES BUT ALSO PROVOKE
ALLERGY SYMPTOMS.
• LYMPHOCYTES – ARE B AND T CELLS
THAT DEFEND AGAINST SPECIFIC
INVADERS.
• MONOCYTES - CLEAN UP DEAD
CELLS.
PLATELETS
• Platelets are small blood cells that play
a key role in blood clotting

• They are formed in the bone marrow

and circulate in the blood stream.

• When there is an injury or damage to a

blood vessel, platelets become
activated and aggregate at the site of
injury, forming a temporary plug to
prevent further bleeding.
 BLOOD BLOOD BLOOD BLOOD
GROUP A GROUP B GROUP AB GROUP O

• Has A antigens • Has B antigens • Has both A and • Has no

on the RBC on the RBC B antigens but antigens, but
with anti-B with anti-A no antibodies. contains both A
antibodies in antibodies in and B
the Plasma. the Plasma. antibodies in
the Plasma.

• O+ if it is neither
• A+ if it • B+ if it contains • AB+ if it A or B, but have
contains rhesus rhesus antigens, contains rhesus rhesus antigens,
antigens, and and A- if it does antigens, and and O- if it is
A- if it does not. AB- if it does neither A or B and
not. not. does not have
rhesus antigens.
ANTIGEN
• Any substance that causes the
immune system to produce
antibodies against it.

• NOT ALL antigens are harmful. Some

are found within the blood which the
system recognizes as harmless, and is
important in donating blood to match
antigens with the recipient.
ANTIBODIES
• Proteins that protects the body
from unwanted substances that
enters it.
• Also called as
IMMUNOGLOBULIN.

RHESUS ANTIGEN
• Inherited as autosomal
dominant genes
• Highly immunogenic.
 OLIGOSACCHARIDES
- CARBOHYDRATES THAT CONTAIN 3-10 MONOSACCHARIDE
UNITS BONDED TO EACH OTHER VIA GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGES.

MONOSACCHARIDES
- CARBOHYDRATE MOLECULES THAT CANNOT BE BROKEN DOWN
BY HYDROLYSIS INTO SIMPLER (SMALLER) CARBOHYDRATE
MOLECULES.
GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGES
- TYPE OF COVALENT BOND THAT JOINS A CARBOHYDRATE MOLECULE TO
ANOTHER GROUP, WHICH MAY OR MAY NOT BE ANOTHER
CARBOHYDRATE.

HYDROLYSIS
- CHEMICAL REACTION OF THE INTERACTION OF CHEMICALS WITH
WATER, LEADING TO THE DECOMPOSITION OF BOTH THE
SUBSTANCE AND WATER.

CARBOHYDRATE
- BIO MOLECULE CONSISTING OF C, H, AND O ATOMS.
- REPRESENTED BY THE STOICHIOMETRIC FORMULA: (CH2O)N
(CH2O)N, WHERE N IS THE NO. OF C IN THE MOLECULE.
 Raffinose
An oligosaccharide made up of 3
saccharide units: Galactose,
Glucose, and Fructose.
Blood Transfusion
• Blood of one type cannot be given to a recipient
with blood of another type unless compatible.

• Transfusion of the wrong blood type can cause

cells to form clumps, or a potentially fatal
reaction.

Type Blood O
Universal Donor

Type Blood AB
Universal Recipient
Human Blood
Group Compatibilities
4 MONOSACCHARIDES CONTRIBUTE TO THE MAKE-UP OF THE
OLIGOSACCHARIDE MARKING SYSTEM :

GALACTOSE (A-D-GALACTOSE) FUCOSE (A-L-FUCOSE)

4 MONOSACCHARIDES CONTRIBUTE TO THE MAKE-UP OF THE
OLIGOSACCHARIDE MARKING SYSTEM :

N-ACETYLGALACTOSAMINE N-ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE
(A-N-ACETYL-D-GALACTOSAMINE) (A-N-ACETYL-D-GLUCOSAMINE)
 Bio-Chemical Marker
• oligosaccharide attachments on the plasma
membrane of the red blood cells.

• The arrangements of the said

monosaccharides in the bio-chemical
markers determines the blood type.

• The absence or presence of a fifth

monosaccharide (attached to the second
galactose) determines the blood type.
Blood Type O – lacks a fifth
monosaccharide

Blood Type A – Has

N-acetylgalactosamine as a fifth
unit.

Blood Type B – Has galactose as a fifth

unit

Blood Type AB – Has both A and B

type markers
P R E S E N T AT I O N

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