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DAM 23803 MECHANICS OF MACHINES
CHAPTER 2
-Power Transfer-
Lectured by : Puan Nurmina Abdullah
Phone number : 011-25291192
Room Number : 2.A1.2.021
Nurmina Abdullah, CeDS UTHM

DAM 23803 MECHANICS OF MACHINES
CHAPTER 2
-Power Transfer-
2.2 Velocity
2.1 Belt drive
ratio, belt
system
tension
2.3 Belt reaction 2.4 Belting angle

on pulleys & length
2.6 Power
2.5 The effect of
transmitted, V-
centrifugal force
belt and flat belt

2. POWER TRANSFER DAM 23803 MECHANICS OF MACHINES
2.1 BELT DRIVE SYSTEM

 Belt Drives are a type of frictional drives used for transmitting powers from
one shaft to another by means of pulleys which rotate at the same speed or
at the different speed.
 It consists of two pulleys over which an endless belt is passed over them.

 The tensions in the tight and slack sides of the belt depend on
the angle of contact.
 Belt drives must be arranged such that the slack side comes
above, and the tight side comes below the pulleys.
 This arrangement increases the angled contact of the belt on

the driven side.
 Factors that determine the power transmission are velocity of

the belt, belt tension between the pulleys and angle of contact
between the pulleys.


Terminology
1) Driver : in a transmission system the one which drives or supplies
power to other mechanical drives or supplies power to another
mechanical element.
2) Driven : in a transmission system the one which follows the driver or

receives power from driver.
3) Tight side : the portion of the belt in maximum tension. Denoted by T1

Newton.
4) Slack side : the portion of the belt in minimum tension. Denoted by T2

Newton.
5) Arc / angle of contact : it is the portion of the belt which is in contact

with pulley surface. Denoted by in radian.
Belt Material
• Rubber
• Leather
• Canvas
• Cotton
• Steel

Belts and pulleys are often used to Gears are another common way of
transmit motion and torque from transmitting motion and torque from
one shaft to another. one shaft to another shaft.


Gear Drive
Classification of Power Drive
Cam Drive
Belt Drive Chain Drive Rope Drive


Advantages:
• Up to 95% efficient
• Designed to slip when an overload occurs
• Resist abrasion (friction)
• Require no lubrication (no metal-to-metal contact)
• Smooth running
• Quiet
• Can transmit motion and power over long distances
• Operate effectively at high speeds
• Flexible shaft center distances
• Inexpensive (when compared to other drive systems such as chain or
gear drives)
• Easy to assemble and install
• Have flexible tolerances
• Absorb shock well
• Easy and inexpensive to maintain


Belt Drive Arrangement
• Machines operated by belt drives must have an idler, an adjustable base, or
both
• Idler is used to help maintain constant tension on the belt
• In a belt and pulley system, a belt runs along a pulley’s groove so that the
power can be transfer either from one pulley to another or from the pulley
directly to the application that requires power.
Idler Types of Drive Arrangement

Drilling machine with An open belt drive in

speed cone pulleys a jig-saw machine
Lathe machine with speed cones

and timing belt

Belt Types
1 Flat Belt
2 V Belt
3 Synchronous Belt
(timing belt)


Flat Belt
Uses/advantages : Disadvantages :
• where high-speed applications • tend to slip under load
(up to 140,000 rpm) are more • lower efficiency at moderate
important than power speeds
transmission • must be kept under tension to
• long center distances are function (require tensioning
necessary devices); causes high bearing
• where drives with non-parallel loads
shafts are required (belt can be • require friction for proper
twisted) functioning
• applications requiring small • stretch over time
pulley diameters (as small as
3/8")


V-Belt
• useful in automotive, household, • improper belt tension can reduce
industrial, and agricultural service life
applications
• belt life at increased
• easy to install and replace
temperatures (above 82oC) is
• low maintenance
significantly shorted
• provide shock absorption
between driver and driven shafts • require friction for proper
• useful with temperature range of functioning
1oC to 82oC
• are 90-98% efficient
• maximum satisfactory speed
ratio is approximately 6:1


Synchronous Belt
• useful in operations requiring • shorter center distance required
high efficiency, timing or than flat belts
constant velocity • used on parallel shafts only
• no slippage • cost
• will not stretch
• required belt tension is very low
• speed is transmitted uniformly


Types of Belt Drive
 two pulleys rotate in the  pulleys rotate in the

same direction opposite directions
 Length of the belt is smaller  Length of the belt is larger
 Angle of lap is different for  Angle of lap is same for
driver and driven pulley driver and driven pulley

2.2 VELOCITY RATIO, BELT TENSION
 The diagram below shows a simple belt-driven system.
 Pulley A and Pulley B each have their own radius and are connected via a
belt that we will assume is not slipping relative to the pulleys.
 Each pulley is undergoing fixed axis rotation and will therefore follow those
kinematic rules separately; however, the motion of the belt can be used to
relate the motion of the two pulleys.
Simple Belt-driven System

Scope 1
1. No slipping of belt with pulley
2. Belt is inelastic
𝑣 𝑇 =𝑣 𝑇 =𝑣
1 2
𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝜔 2 𝑁2 𝑑1 𝑑 1+𝑡

𝑛2 /1= = ¿ ¿ ¿
𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝜔 1 𝑁1 𝑑2 𝑑 2+𝑡
𝜔=2 𝜋 𝑁 /60 If the thickness

𝜔=
𝑣 2𝑣
=
of belt is
Abbreviation 𝑟 𝑑 considered into
Angular velocity calculation
Speed ( rpm )
Diameter of the pulley
Belt thickness
Scope 2
1. Slipping of belt to pulley
2. Belt is inelastic
𝑣𝑇 ≠ 𝑣𝑇
1 2
𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝜔 2
( )
𝑁2 𝑑1 𝑠 ( 𝑑 1+𝑡 )
𝑛2 /1= =
𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝜔 1
¿
𝑁1
¿
𝑑2
1−
100
¿
( 𝑑 2+𝑡 ) (
1−
𝑠
100 )
Note
• Normally belt slip is expressed as a percentage and If the thickness
denoted by s of belt is
• s1 = Percentage of slip between belt and driver sheave considered into
• s2 = Percentage of slip between belt and driven sheave calculation
• s = Total percentage slip = s1 + s2
EXAMPLE 1
It is required to drive a shaft at 720 revolutions per minute, by

means of a belt from a parallel shaft, having a pulley A 300 mm
diameter on it and running at 240 revolutions per minute. What
sized pulley is required on the shaft B ?

Solution
Given: Speed of the driver, N2 = 720 rpm

Diameter of pulley, d1 = 300 mm
Speed of the pulley, N1 = 240 rpm.
Find Diameter of the follower, d2
= =3
𝑑1
𝑛2 / 1=
𝑑2
3=
d2 = 0.1 m

2.3 BELT REACTION ON PULLEYS

Effect of Slip on Velocity Ratio
 Although belt-drive depends on friction for power transmission, there
are factors that contribute to the inefficiency of the drive. This
inefficiency is known as belt slip where frictional force is not strong
enough to hold the belt in its place.
 This may cause some forward motion of the driver without carrying
the belt with it. This slip of the belt is generally expressed as a
percentage.
 When there is insufficient friction between a belt and the pulley, the
belt cannot take up more load.
 Belt slip results in loss of motion and power.

 The result of the belt slipping is to reduce the velocity ratio of the
system.
Let, s1 % = Slip between the driver and

the belt, and
Driven
s2 % = Slip between the belt and
follower,
Velocity of the belt passing over the driver per

Driver
second,
x )
) …………………..(i)

Velocity of the belt passing over the driven per

second,
)
Driven
) …………………..(ii)
Substituting the value of ν from equation(i), we have; Driver
[(1- ) - ()]
[(1- ( )]
(1- ) where s = s1+s2 i.e. total percentage of slip
If thickness of the belt (t) is considered, then (1- )

2.4 BELTING ANGLE AND LENGTH

1. Open Belt Drive
(A) Angle of contact,
When the two pulleys of different diameters are connected by means of an open
belt, then the angle of contact (θ) at the smaller pulley must be taken
consideration.
Let r1 = Radius of larger pulley,

r2 = Radius of smaller pulley,
x = Distance between centers of two pulleys
Angle of contact,


1. Open Belt Drive
(B) Length of Belt, L
L = Total length of the belt


2. Cross Belt Drive
(A) Angle of contact,
When the two pulleys are connected by means of a crossed belt, then the angle of
contact on both the pulleys is same because pulleys rotate in the opposite
directions .

Angle of contact,


2. Cross Belt Drive
(B) Length of Belt, L
L = Total length of the belt


EXAMPLE 2
Find the length of belt necessary to drive a pulley of 500 mm

diameter running parallel at 12 meters from the driving pulley
of diameter 1600 mm.

Solution
Given: Diameter of the driven pulley (d2) = 500 mm = 0·5 m or radius (r2) = 0·25 m;
Diameter of the driving pulley (d1) 1600 mm = 1.6 m or radius (r1) = 0·8 m.
Distance between the centers of the two pulleys (x) = 12 m
Find length of the belt for: (1) open belt drive (2) Cross belt drive

2.5 THE EFFECT OF CENTRIFUGAL FORCE
 Belt tension in a belt drive system can be expressed in terms of ratio between
tension on the tight side and the slack side of the same belt when it was operating.
 Consider a pulley wheel with a belt passing around it as shown below. In order for
the belt to produce torque on the wheel (whether it is rotating), there must be
tension in both ends.
 If this was not so, the belt would not be pressed against the wheel, and it would slip
on the wheel.
 The belt depends upon friction between it and the wheel in order to grip and
produce torque.

1. Flat Belt Drive
𝑇1 𝜇𝜃
=𝑒
𝑇2
Abbreviation
Tension on the tight side of the belt
Tension on the slack side of the belt
Angle of contact, in radian
Coefficient of friction between pulley and belt


2. V-Belt Drive
𝑇1 ( sin 𝛽 )
𝜇𝜃
=𝑒
𝑇2
¿ 𝑒 (𝜇𝜃 ) ( csc 𝛽 )
1
csc 𝛽=
sin 𝛽
Abbreviation
Tension on the tight side of the belt
Tension on the slack side of the belt
Angle of contact, in radian
Coefficient of friction between pulley and belt
Groove angle of V Belt

W
Power = Work done / time
Power,
(
¿ 𝑇1 1 −
𝑇2
𝑇1)𝑣
Driver torque
Driven torque (
𝑃 𝐹𝑙𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒 =𝑇 1 1 −
𝑒
1
𝜇𝜃
𝑣
)
Driven torque
( )
1
𝑃 𝑉 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒=𝑇 1 1− 𝑣
Note 𝜇𝜃
sin 𝛽
𝑒
1. Driver produces and
2. Driven receive from driver, so force applied to driven is

Although centrifugal force is a pseudo force, its effects are real. When a car takes a turn
in a curved road, person inside the car feels an outward force which pushes the person
away. This outward force is also called centrifugal force. If there is sufficient friction
between the person and the seat, it will prevent the person from moving outwards.
When a car moving in a straight line suddenly takes a turn, the objects not fixed to the car try to
continue in linear motion due to their inertia of direction. While observing this motion from an inertial
frame, it appears as a straight line as shown in Figure 3.46. But when it is observed from the rotating
frame, it appears to move outwards.

Since the belt has mass and as the belt rotates, there is a tendency for the belt to be
‘thrown out’ of the belt causing the tension in the belt to increase and the centrifugal
force, Fc will exist.


Abbreviation
Centrifugal tension
𝑇 𝑐 ¿ 𝑚 𝑣 2 ¿ 𝜌 𝐴𝑣 2 Mass of belt per unit length
Tangential velocity
FC Density
Cross sectional area


As a conclusion, when the mass of the belt is considered, the centrifugal
force would exist and the effective driving tensions:
T1  Tc & T2  Tc
And the power transmitted by a belt drive :

EXAMPLE 3
A driver pulley with radius 55 cm is connected to power source.

A driven pulley with a radius of 20 cm with the speed of 550
rpm is connected to the driver pulley using an open inelastic
flat belt with tension on the tight side is 500 N. Given the length
between the center of the two pulley and is 2.2 meter and
coefficient of friction of the belt is 0.4. Determine the power of
the driven pulley.

Solution
Given: r1 = 55 cm = 0.55 m, N1 = 550rpm, T1 = 500 N

r2 = 20 cm = 0.2 m, x = 2.2 m, 𝜇 = 0.4
Angle of contact, ;
π
θ ¿r
sin 𝛼 ¿ 1 −
(180 −r
22α) rad
x 180
π
θ ¿ (180 − 2 ( 9.154 )) rad
180
𝛼 = sin-1 0.159 = 2.822 rad

𝛼 = 9.154

Solution
Because the belt is inelastic, the tangential velocity of both pulley is the same.
𝜔2 = 𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔
= = 0.20 (57.596)
= 11.519 m/s
= 57.596 rad/s

2.6 POWER TRANSMITTED
 The tension in a belt pulley increases with torque and power. The maximum power
that a pulley system can transmit is limited by the strength of the belt material.
 If the pulleys are of unequal diameters, the belt will slip first on the pulley having the
smaller angle of lap, i.e., on the smaller pulley.
 The friction between the belt and the wheel is further affected by centrifugal force
which tends to lift the belt off the wheel. This increases the likelihood of slipping.
 Friction between belt and pulley can be increased by using a V-belt type instead of
Flat Belt type since V-belt can grip better.


Maximum Power with Maximum Power with
No Belt Slip Effect of Centrifugal Force
( ) ( )
Flat Belt 1 1
𝑃=𝑇 1 1− 𝜇𝜃
𝑣 𝑃=(𝑇 1 −𝑇 𝑐 ) 1 − 𝜇𝜃
𝑣
𝑒 𝑒
V-Belt
( ) ( )
1 1
𝑃 =𝑇 1 1− 𝑣 𝑃=(𝑇 ¿ ¿1 −𝑇 2 ) 1 − 𝑣¿
(
𝑒
𝜇𝜃
sin 𝛽 ) (
𝑒
𝜇𝜃
sin 𝛽 )
However, due to the onset of centrifugal effect, the belt tends to lift off the wheel and
thus slippage is likely to occur. This will cause power to decrease as the speed of belt
drive increase. So, the problem here is how to maximize the full power of the belt drive
system by practically taking care of the centrifugal effect and slippage that occur?

 Tight side tension is always bigger than the slack side tension. Hence, maximum
tension by considering only the tension in belt drive is equivalent to T 1 only.
 However, in case of centrifugal tension then the maximum tension is:
T = T1 + Tc

Let’s define, T 1 = T – Tc c = constant
And, T1 . c . v For maximum power transmission, = 0
=0
T – 3 mv2 = 0
So, from equation of power transmission;
T – 3 Tc = 0 or T = 3 Tc
Hence, Tc = T1
(T – Tc ) v c Tc = mv2
 Centrifugal tension is 1/3 of maximum

(T – mv ) v c
2
tension of belt.
(Tv – mv3) c


For the maximum power transmitted by a belt drive, centrifugal
tension is:
1 2 1
𝑇 𝑐= 𝑇 1 𝑚 𝑣 = 𝑇1
3 3
𝑣=
𝑇1
3𝑚 √


Initial Tension of Belt Drive System
 Practically, setting of the tension on the driver and driven sheave is done when the
belt drive is not operating and still has some tension on it.
 This initial setting is called Initial Tension, .
 It will increase the gripping ability of the belt to the pulley.
 When power is transmitted, the tension on the tight side increase from T A to T1 while
on the slack side is reduced from TA to T2 .


Initial Tension of Belt Drive System
 If the belt is assumed to obey Hooke’s Law and the length of belt does not change,
thus,
Increase in length on the tight side = Decrease in length on the slack side
T1 - TA = TA - T2
T1 + T2 = 2TA


Belt Creep
 Belt creep happens due to the elasticity of belt. It can be defined as a

situation in which a portion of the belt elongated while the other does
not.
Abbreviation
 Due to elastic condition, Cross sectional area
𝑣𝑇
𝑣𝑇
=1 −
2
1
(
𝑇1− 𝑇 2
𝐴×𝐸 ) Modulus of Elasticity
Abbreviation
Speed (rpm)
Belt Creep ratio
Diameter
𝑁 2 𝑑1
= ×
𝑁 1 𝑑2 (
𝐸+ √ 𝑄 2
𝐸 + √ 𝑄1 ) Modulus of Elasticity
Stress on tight side
Stress on slack side

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DAM 23803 MECHANICS OF MACHINES

Nurmina Abdullah, CeDS UTHM

2.3 Belt reaction 2.4 Belting angle

Nurmina Abdullah, CeDS UTHM

2.1 BELT DRIVE SYSTEM

Nurmina Abdullah, CeDS UTHM

2.1 BELT DRIVE SYSTEM

 This arrangement increases the angled contact of the belt on

 Factors that determine the power transmission are velocity of

Nurmina Abdullah, CeDS UTHM

2.1 BELT DRIVE SYSTEM

2) Driven : in a transmission system the one which follows the driver or

3) Tight side : the portion of the belt in maximum tension. Denoted by T1

4) Slack side : the portion of the belt in minimum tension. Denoted by T2

5) Arc / angle of contact : it is the portion of the belt which is in contact

2.1 BELT DRIVE SYSTEM

Nurmina Abdullah, CeDS UTHM

2.1 BELT DRIVE SYSTEM

Nurmina Abdullah, CeDS UTHM

2.1 BELT DRIVE SYSTEM

Classification of Power Drive

Belt Drive Chain Drive Rope Drive

Nurmina Abdullah, CeDS UTHM

2.1 BELT DRIVE SYSTEM

Nurmina Abdullah, CeDS UTHM

2.1 BELT DRIVE SYSTEM

Idler Types of Drive Arrangement

Nurmina Abdullah, CeDS UTHM

2.1 BELT DRIVE SYSTEM

Drilling machine with An open belt drive in

Lathe machine with speed cones

2.1 BELT DRIVE SYSTEM

Nurmina Abdullah, CeDS UTHM

2.1 BELT DRIVE SYSTEM

Nurmina Abdullah, CeDS UTHM

2.1 BELT DRIVE SYSTEM

Nurmina Abdullah, CeDS UTHM

2.1 BELT DRIVE SYSTEM

Nurmina Abdullah, CeDS UTHM

2.1 BELT DRIVE SYSTEM

 two pulleys rotate in the  pulleys rotate in the

Nurmina Abdullah, CeDS UTHM

2.2 VELOCITY RATIO, BELT TENSION

 The diagram below shows a simple belt-driven system.

Simple Belt-driven System

Nurmina Abdullah, CeDS UTHM

2.2 VELOCITY RATIO, BELT TENSION

𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝜔 2 𝑁2 𝑑1 𝑑 1+𝑡

𝜔=2 𝜋 𝑁 /60 If the thickness

2.2 VELOCITY RATIO, BELT TENSION

It is required to drive a shaft at 720 revolutions per minute, by

Nurmina Abdullah, CeDS UTHM

Given: Speed of the driver, N2 = 720 rpm

Find Diameter of the follower, d2

Nurmina Abdullah, CeDS UTHM

2.3 BELT REACTION ON PULLEYS

Nurmina Abdullah, CeDS UTHM

2.3 BELT REACTION ON PULLEYS

Let, s1 % = Slip between the driver and

Velocity of the belt passing over the driver per

Nurmina Abdullah, CeDS UTHM

2.3 BELT REACTION ON PULLEYS