A

Seminar Presentation
on
‘Overview of PMDC and BLDC Motors’

School of Electrical and Power Engineering

Anand International College of Engineering
Submitted to: Submitted by:
Mr. Ajit Rohit K. Mahawar
Asst. Professor 19EE025
SEPE
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 Introduction
 Types of electric motors
 PMDC motor
 Construction
 Working
 Mathematical equations
 Characteristics
 Applications of PMDC motor
Content
 BLDC motor
 Construction
 Position sensors
 Mechanical Commutator Vs Electronic Commutator
 Working
 Types of BLDC motor
 Mathematical equations
 BLDC vs Brushed DC
 Applications of BLDC motor
 Conclusion
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 Introduction

 An electric motor is a machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
 There are 2 types of electric motors available based on the given power supply.
A) AC motors
B) DC motors

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 Contd.

 Electric motors may be classified by considerations such as power source type,

construction, application and type of motion output.
 They can be powered by AC or DC, be brushed or brushless, single-phase, two-phase,
or three-phase, axial or radial flux, and may be air-cooled or liquid-cooled.
 All motors consists of two major part:
A) Rotor
B) Stator

4
 Contd.
 Rotor: The rotor is the moving part of your electric motor.  It turns the shaft that delivers
the mechanical power. In a typical configuration, the rotor has conductors laid into it that
carry currents which then interact with the magnetic field of the stator to generate the
forces that turn the shaft.

 Stator: The stationary parts of a motor are

collectively known as a stator. The stator may
contain windings or a permanent magnet. In the
case of AC motors, the stator carries the armature
and in DC motors it carries the field winding.

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Types of Electric Motor

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 PMDC Motor

 PMDC motor stands for Permanent Magnet DC Motor.

 It can be defined as a motor which includes a permanent magnet pole is called Permanent
Magnet DC Motor.
 The magnet is used to make the flux working within the air gap in its place of the field
winding.
 Permanent magnet motors utilize several types of permanent magnet materials such as:
i) Hard ferrites (BaFe12O19 , CoFe2O4)
ii) Alnico (Al + Ni + Co)
iii) Samarium Cobalt (Sm + Co)
iv) Neodymium iron boron/Cobalt (Nd + Fe + B/Co)
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 Contd.
Armature

Commutator Coils

Brushes Permanent Magnets

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 Construction
Stator:
 Magnets are mounted in periphery of the cylinder.
 The stator also serves as low reluctance return
path for magnetic field.
 Sometimes field coil is used in PMDC motor
because if permanent magnet lose their strength,
these lost strengths can be compensated by field
excitation through these field coils.

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 Contd.
Rotor:
 Similar to DC motor
 Consists of core, windings, and commutator
 Made of number of varnish insulated, slotted
circular lamination of steel sheets
 Varnish insulated are used to reduce eddy current
loss

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 Working

 The working of PMDC motor is similar to DC motor.

 It works on principle of Lorentz Law which states that “the
current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic and electric
field experience a force.”
 The direction of force is governed by Fleming’s left-hand rule.
 It says that if thumb, middle finger, and index finger of the left
hand are arranged perpendicular to each other, the middle
finger represents the direction of current, the index finger
represents the direction of magnetic field and the thumb will
show the direction of magnetic force.
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 Mathematical Equations

 Voltage eqn. of PMDC are as follows:  Back emf is given by:

Where,Va is Armature Voltage Where, Ke is Back EMF constant

Ia is Armature Current is mechanical angular speed

Ra is Armature Resistance  Electrical torque developed:

Eb is Back electromotive force

Where, KT is torque constant

and Ke = KT
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 Contd.

To get more torque out of motor:

 Use stronger magnetic field (B)
 Increase armature current (Ia)
 Increase armature diameter (r)
 Increase input voltage
 increase l, more coils, longer armature

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 Characteristics
Efficiency

Torque

Power Out

 Torque vs Armature current Characteristics  Performance Characteristics

 As we know that,

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 Applications of PMDC motor
 used in car wind shield wipers

used in electric toothbrush

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 Contd.
 Used in electric screw driver
1-PMDC commutator motor 3.6 V/240 mA, 2-speed
reducer, 3-locker for manual screwing, 4-screwdriver
bit, 5-forward-reverse rotation switch,
6-rechargeable Ni-Cd battery, 7-bit compartment.

 Used in stealth torpedo

1-guiding system, 2-conformal acoustic arrays,
3-advanced rechargeable batteries, 4-integrated PM
motor propulsor, 5-active and passive noise control,
6-synergic drag reduction.
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 BLDC Motor
 BLDC motor stands for Brush-Less DC motor.
 It is also known as an electronically commutated motor and it does not contains any
commutator and brush arrangement as the other DC motors have.
 It uses an electronic controller to switch DC currents to the motor windings producing
magnetic fields which effectively rotate in space and which the rotor follows.
 It has permanent magnets on the rotor.
Permanent magnet motors utilize several types of permanent magnet materials such as:
i) Hard ferrites (BaFe12O19 , CoFe2O4)
ii) Alnico (Al + Ni + Co)
iii) Samarium cobalt (Sm + Co)
iv) Neodymium iron boron/Cobalt (Nd + Fe + B/Co) 17
 Rear Cover

PCB
Lead Wires
Hall Sensors

Bearing Support

Ball Bearing

Shaft

Permanent
Magnet Rotor

PCB
Contd.

Stator Coil

Spring Washer

Spacer

Stator Laminations

Housing
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 Construction
Stator:
 The stator consists of the windings. It has similarities with
three phase induction motor as well as conventional DC
motor.
 It is made up of stacked steel laminations to carry the
windings.
 The windings are placed in slots which are axially cut
along the inner periphery of the stator.
 The windings can be connected in either star or delta. Most
of them have 3 phase stator connected stator.
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 Contd.
Rotor:
 BLDC motor incorporates a permanent magnet in the rotor. S N S
 Rotor does not contains any core, windings, and commutator.
 The number of poles can vary between 2 and 8 with North and N
South poles placed alternately.
 Permanent magnet motors utilize several types of permanent
magnet materials such as:
i) Hard ferrites (BaFe12O19 , CoFe2O4)
ii) Alnico (Al + Ni + Co)
iii) Samarium cobalt (Sm + Co)
iv) Neodymium iron boron/Cobalt (Nd + Fe + B/Co)
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 Position Sensors

 BLDC motor does not have any brush and commutator arrangement. So, the
commutation is controlled electronically.
 To rotate the motor, the windings of stator must be energized in a sequence and the
position of the rotor must be known to precisely energize a particular set of stator
windings.
 A position sensor is required to detect the position of the rotor and transform it to an
electrical signal.
 There are so many types of position sensors/encoders are available, but most BLDC
motors use Hall Sensors which are embedded into the stator to sense the rotor’s position.

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 Contd.
Magnetic Encoder/Hall Effect Sensor:
 A Hall effect sensor is a transducer that varies its output voltage in response to change in
magnetic field.

 It’s a type of magnetic sensor which can be used for detecting the strength and direction of
a magnetic field produced from a permanent magnet or an electromagnet with its output
varying in proportion to the strength of the magnetic field being detected.

 Advantages: i) High reliability

ii) High speed operation

iii) Ability to work in a wide temperature range

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 Mechanical Commutator Vs Electronic Commutator
Mechanical Commutator Electronic Commutator
The commutator is made of copper segments Power semiconductor devices are used as
and with mica insulation. switching devices.

Commutator arrangement is located in the Commutator arrangement is located in the

rotor. stator.

Sparking may occur between brush and There is no sparking.

commutator segment. Interpoles are required
for sparkless commutation.

Regular maintenance is required Require less maintenance.

Difficult to control the voltage available Voltage can be controlled easily by
across the tappings. employing PWM technique.

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 Working

 BLDC motor works on the principle similar to that of a conventional DC motor, i. e., the
Lorentz force law
 In BLDC, the current carrying conductor is stationary while the permanent magnet
moves.
 Hall sensors sense the position of the coils.
The decoder circuits turns appropriate switches on and off.
The voltage through the specific coils turns the motor.

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 Contd.

 The rotor and stator of a BLDC motor are shown in the fig. It is clear that, the rotor of a
BLDC motor is a permanent magnet.

PM Rotor

Electromagnet Stator

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 Contd.
A
com com A
a

a
c b
b c
c com
b
a
C B
B C
com
26
 Contd.

A
com com
A
a

1
a
c b
b c
c com b
a
C B
B C
com

27
 Contd.

A
com com
A
a

a
c b
b c
c com b
a
C B
B C
com 2

28
 Contd.

A
com com
A
a

a
c b
b c
c com b
a
C B
B C
com 3

29
 Contd.

A
com com
A
a

a
c b
b c
c com b
a
C B
B C
com 4

30
 Contd.

A
com com
A
a

a
c b
b c
c com b
a
C B
B C
com 5

31
 Contd.

A
com com
A
a

6
a
c b
b c
c com b
a
C B
B C
com

32
 Contd.

A
com com
A
a

1
a
c b
b c
c com b
a
C B
B C
com

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 Types of BLDC motor

 BLDC motor can be of two type: i) Inner rotor BLDC motor

ii) Outer rotor BLDC motor
 Inner Rotor BLDC motor: It has the magnet inside acting as the rotor while the
winding is arranged outside as the stator.
 Outer Rotor BLDC motor: It has coils on the inside and magnets on the outside, and
these magnet serve as a rotor.

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 Contd.
Inner Rotor
Rotor is situated inner and stator on outer
side.
For a given power, Motors are axially longer
for inner rotor motor compared to outer
rotor.
Inner rotor has a comparatively low inertia
which has a disadvantage of torque variation
at low speeds.
Used in high speed motor applications
Heat dissipation is very good
Outer Rotor
Rotor is situated outer side and stator on
inner side
For a given power, Motors are axially shorter
length for outer configuration.
Outer rotor has a comparatively higher
inertia which helps over coming torque
variations in pump applications.
Used in low speed motor applications
Heat dissipation is very poor
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 Mathematical Equations

 Voltage eqn. of BLDC are as follows:

Where, = = =R, Stator resistance per phase [Ohm]

= = =L, stator inductance per phase [Henry]
, and are the stator phase voltages [ volt]
, and are stator phase currents. [Ampere]
, and are motor Back EMFs

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 Contd.
 The modelling equation of BLDC motor can be represented in matrix form:

Where, p in the matrix presents

Table: Hall Effect Signals

Switching Interval Degree H1 H2 H3

0-60 1 0 1
60-120 0 0 1
120-180 0 1 1
180-240 0 1 0
240-300 1 1 0
300-360 1 0 0
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 Contd.

 Equation of each phase as follows:

Phase A

where,
Phase B
k is the Back EMF constant [v/rad/s].
is the electrical rotor angle.
Phase C w is the mechanical speed of the rotor
[rad/s]

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 BLDC vs Brushed DC
Feature BLDC Brushed DC
Mechanical Field magnets on the stator and rotor are Field magnets on the rotor and stator are
Structure made of permanent magnets made of permanent magnets or
electromagnets
Maintenance Low or No maintenance Periodic maintenance because of brushes
Efficiency High- No losses in the brushes; Stator is on Moderate- Losses in the brushes; Rotor is
the outer periphery and is thus able to on the inner periphery
dissipate more heat and produce more
torque
Commutation Using solid state switches Mechanical contacts between brushes and
Method commutator
Speed Range High- No losses in brushes Moderate- Losses in brushes
Control A controller is always required to control the No controller is required for a fixed speed;
Requirements commutation sequence controller required for variable speed
System Cost High- because of external controller Low
requirement

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 Applications of BLDC motor
 used in computer drives

used in hairdryers

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 Contd.
 Used in CD/DVD players

 Used in Electric Fans

41
 Contd.
 Used in Electrical Vehicles

 Used in solar water pumps

42
 Contd.
 Used in Drones

 Used in vacuum cleaners

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 Contd.
 Used in Ship propulsion system:
1- diesel engine and synchronous generator,
2- converter, 3- large PM brushless motor,
4- propeller shaft, 5- propeller.

 Used in Electric shaver:

1- PM brushless motor, 2- position sensor,
3- printed circuit board, 4- cam-shaft, 5- twizzer head,
6- platinum-coated shaving foil, 7- rechargeable battery,
8- input terminals 110/220 V.
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 Conclusion

 Although Permanent Magnet DC and BLDC motors are more expensive of the same kW
rating than conventional DC motor but there are so many advantages.
 Brushless DC motor has high efficiency than the brushed DC and induction motor.
 Brushless DC motor does not produce brush or commutator particles or gases due to
wear and tear.
 Permanent magnet DC and Brushless DC motors does not requires high and periodic
maintenance.
 These motors are used in high speed operations.

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 Reference

 Gieras, Jacek & Wing, M.. (2013). Permanent magnet motor technology: design and
applications.

 K. T. Chau, "Permanent Magnet Brushless Motor Drives," in Electric Vehicle Machines

and Drives: Design, Analysis and Application , IEEE, 2015, pp.69-107, doi:
10.1002/9781118752555.ch4.

 Kwon, Hyuk. (2014). BLDC motor for a hairdryer.

 D. Mohan Raj et al., "A Review of BLDC Motor: State of Art, Advanced Control
Techniques, and Applications," in IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 54833-54869, 2022, doi:
10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3175011.
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 Reference

Pindoriya, Rajesh. (2020). Comparative Review of Brushless PMAC and PMDC Motor Drives.

10.36227/techrxiv.12951515.

D. Kamalakannan, N. J. Singh, M. Karthi, V. Narayanan and N. S. Ramanathan, "Design and

development of DC powered BLDC motor for Mixer-Grinder application," 2016 First International

Conference on Sustainable Green Buildings and Communities (SGBC), 2016, pp. 1-6, doi:

10.1109/SGBC.2016.7936063.

Y. B. A. Apatya, A. Subiantoro and F. Yusivar, "Design and prototyping of 3-phase BLDC motor,"

2017 15th International Conference on Quality in Research (QiR) : International Symposium on

Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2017, pp. 209-214, doi: 10.1109/QIR.2017.8168483.

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48
Questions?
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