Professional Documents
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TB Usia Sekolah & Remaja
TB Usia Sekolah & Remaja
PENANGGULANGAN TB
PADA ANAK USIA
SEKOLAH & REMAJA
1
Three
priority 2
strategies
3
Childhood TB
Why neglected?
• Not considered important in global program
or contributing to immediate transmission
• Not regarded as public health risk
• Difficult to diagnose
Why is it important?
• Health problem in children
• May later contribute to epidemic
Childhood TB as Sentinel Event
Indicates recent transmission in a community
Rapid progression from infection to disease
“A deterioration in the control of TB thus immediately hurts the
youngest generation” (Rieder, 1997)
Children are future reservoir of disease
600
500 Male
Female
Per 100,000 population
400
300
200
100
0
<1 1-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54
Age (years)
13
Transmission rate (Shaw ’54)
adult
TB patient
AFB(-) culture(-)
AFB(+) culture(+) CXR (+)
Miller, 1963
Diagnosis TB anak ???
OVERDIAGNOSIS / UNDERDIAGNOSIS
PERJALANAN ALAMIAH TB
• Infeksi TB tdk langsung memberikan gejala.
• Uji tuberkulin positif : 4−8 minggu setelah kontak TB
• TB milier, meningitis TB, & TB pleura 3-6 bulan pertama
• TB sistem skeletal thn I, II, III.
• TB ginjal 5−25 thn, setelah infeksi primer.
• 90% kematian karena TB terjadi pada tahun pertama
setelah diagnosis TB.
05/18/23 19
........PERJALANAN ALAMIAH TB
Time after primary
infection Clinical
Manifestation
2 – 3 months Fever of Onset
Erythema nodosum
Phlyctenular conjunctivitis
Tuberculin Test Positive
Primary pulmonary TB
TB Meningitis
3 – 12 months
Miliary TB
TB Pleural effusion
6 – 24 months Osteo-articular TB
intracellular replication
of bacilli
destruction
destruction of PAM’S of bacilli
hematogenic spread
primary
acute hematogenic occult hematogenic
complex
spread spread
multiple organs
CMI
disseminated primary TB 22
remote foci
Kompleks primer
Uji tuberkulin (+)
Terbentuk kekebalan spesifik Imunitas optimal T
B
P
r
i
Sakit TB Kalau kekebalan turun Infeksi TB m
e
r
3)
23
Incubation period
• First implantation primary complex
• 4-6 weeks (2-12 weeks) incubation period
• First weeks: logaritmic growth, : 103-104 elicit
cellular response
• End of incubation period:
• primary complex formation
• cell mediated immunity
• tuberculin sensitivity
PrimaryTB infection has established
24
Konsep infeksi – sakit TB
27
General manifestation
• Chronic fever, subfebrile
• Anorexia
• Weight loss
• Malnutrition
• Malaise
• Chronic recurrent cough, think asthma!
• Chronic recurrent diarrhea
• Others
28
Organ specific
• Respiratory : cough, wheezing, dyspnea
• Neurology : convulsion, neck stiffness,
SOL manifestation
• Orthopedic : gibbus, crippled
• Lymph node : enlarge, scrofuloderma
• Gastrointestinal: chronic diarrhea
• Others
05/18/23 29
KAPAN KITA CURIGA ANAK
SAKIT TB ?
• DEMAM > 2 MINGGU
• BATUK > 3 MINGGU
• BB TURUN > 5% DALAM 3 BULAN TERAKHIR
• GEJALA MENINGITIS DG ONSET AKUT
• GIBBUS
• PEMBESARAN KGB & TIDAK NYERI
• KONTAK ERAT DG PASIEN TB PARU
Risiko tinggi orang
sehat menjadi TB
Infeksi atau laten
05/18/23 33
Radiographic picture
• Primary complex: lymph node enlargement
• Milliary
• Atelectasis
• Cavity
• Tuberculoma
• Pneumonia
• Air trapping - hyperinflation
• Pleural effusion
• Honeycombs – bronchiectasis
• Calcification, fibrosis 35
Over diagnosis TB by CXR
100
100
80 Over-
diagnosis
60
40 32
20
0
Diagnosed by X- Actual cases
ray alone
05/18/23 38
FOTO TORAKS
• TIDAK KHAS ! SUGESTIF TB :
• Baku : toraks AP & lateral Pembesaran KGB hilus &
• Rontgen lainnya atas mediastinum
indikasi (tulang belakang,
sendi dll) Atelektasis lobus medius
• Pitfall in TB diagnostic Gambaran milier
• Majority of CXR non Pneumonia
suggestive TB
Efusi pleura
Kavitas
Pleuropneumoni
39
Berhati-hatilah dalam membaca foto thoraks
untuk menghindari overdiagnosis
EVALUASI : ATURAN UMUM :
• Kondisi Foto Toraks
Dosis X-ray : >> Ketidaksesuaian antara klinis dan
atau << foto toraks (abnormalitas yang
Inspirasi kurang signifikan pada foto toraks,
Lordosis tanpa gejala klinis atau gejala
Rotasi asimetris klinis minimal pikirkan TB
• Kondisi klinis pasien
saat pemeriksaan ;
batuk atau
selesma>> infiltrat
40
Clinical setting management
Mantoux
Suspect TB test
proveTB
infection positive negative
completed: not TB
Diagnosis TB Ro, lab
Seek other
treatment 05/18/23
etiologies
41
05/18/23 43
Sumatera Barat:
RS Achmad Mochtar Jawa Tengah:
RS Moewardi
Aceh:
RS Kariadi
RS Cilacap
Penempatan GeneXpert di Indonesia
RS Zainoel RSUD Kudus
Abidin Riau: RS Ario Wirawan Salatiga Sulawesi Utara
RS Arifin RS Kandou
Achmad
Kalimantan Barat:
RS Soedarso Papua Barat
Sulawesi Tengah
Pontianak RS Kabupaten Sorong
Kalimantan Timur
RS Undata
RS Syahrani,
Samarinda
Papua
Bangka Belitung: Jambi: BLK Jayapura
RS Depati Hamzah RS Mataher
Total score?
Diagnosis ?
Sinta’s score and diagnosis
Total score?
Diagnosis ?
Rama’s Score &
Diagnosis
106
Smear +
Culture +
105
104
Smear -
Culture +
103
102
101 Smear -
Culture -
100
0 3 6 9 12 1505/18/23 18
56 WHO 78351
Start of treatment Weeks of treatment
(isoniazid alone) Toman K, Tuberculosis, WHO, 1979
Treatment principles
Long duration problem of
adherence (compliance)
Other aspects :
Nutrition improvement
prevent / search & treat other
disease
57
Hypothetical model of TB therapy
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Months of therapy
INH
RIF
PZA
EMB
SM
PRED
DOT.S !
60
Treatment evaluation
• Clear improvement in clinical
and supporting examination,
especially in the first 2 month
• Main : clinical
• supporting exam as adjuvant
05/18/23 61
Contact Investigation
Household
CLOSE
CONTACTS
Other-than-Close Contacts
Close Contacts
SOURCE Work /
Leisure PATIENT School
CONTACTS
High Priority
Medium Priority
Low Priority
Beberapa istilah pada investigasi
kontak
Sumber penularan
(kasus indeks)
kontak
Kontak erat:
•Tinggal serumah atau
•sering kontak (misal: guru-murid, anak-pengasuh)
Kontak TB
centri-
petal
Child TB
patient
65
Active case finding
case finding
centripetal centrifugal
• trace the source • trace other
• adult people ‘victims’
• close contact • children
• by chest X ray • close contact
• by tuberculin
67
Skenario Kasus
• Seorang laki-laki berusia 60 tahun terdiagnosis TB dari
hasil pemeriksaan TCM (+) Rifampisin Resistant NOT
Detected
• Tinggal serumah bersama anak (Tn A, 46 tahun) dan
menantunya (Ny, B 38 tahun), dan 3 orang cucunya (C 14
tahun, D 10 tahun, E 4 tahun)
Investigasi Kontak,
Tatalaksana kelompok berisiko TB Laten
B, 14 Tahun
• Klinis sehat, tidak ada keluhan, gizi baik
• Anak aktif sekolah
• Pemeriksaan fisik normal
• Bagaimana tatalaksana?
• Tes tuberkulin hasil indurasi 10 mm
• Bagaimana tatalaksana selanjutnya?
Diagnosa : TB exposure
Terapi : Profilaksis primer
TB classification (ATS/CDC modified)
Manage
Class Contact Infection Disease
ment
0 - - - -
1 + - - proph I
2 + + - proph II?
3 + + + therapy
Kemoprofilaksis primer
• Mencegah infeksi
• Anak kontak dengan pasien TB aktif,
tetapi belum terinfeksi (uji tuberkulin
negatif)
• Obat : INH 5 - 10 mg/kg BB/hari
74
Kemoprofilaksis sekunder
Mencegah penyakit TB pada anak yang terinfeksi :
1. Mantoux (+), Rö (-), klinis (-) :
• Umur < 5 th
• Kortikosteroid lama
• Limfoma, Hodgkin, lekemi
• Morbili, pertusis
• Akil baliq
2. Konversi Mt (-) menjadi (+) dalam 12 bl, Rö (-),
klinis (-)
75
Obat INH 5 - 10 mg/kg BB/hari
DIAGNOSIS PASTI TB PARU ANAK
• GEJALA
MANIFESTASI
• BUKTI KONTAK / INFEKSI
KLINIS
• GAMBARAN RADIOLOGIS
05/18/2 80
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