Demonstration of Statistical

Software

Eugene Tseytlin
Department of BioMedical Informatics,
University of Pittsburgh
 Overview
• Dataset Overview
• Descriptive Statistics Using Calc
• Descriptive Statistics Using PSPP
• Descriptive Statistics Using R
• EpiInfo Demonstration Video
 Brain Size and Intelligence
Are the size and weight of your brain indicators of your mental capacity? In this
study by Willerman et al. (1991) the researchers use Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (MRI) to determine the brain size of the subjects. The researchers
take into account gender and body size to draw conclusions about the
connection between brain size and intelligence.
http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/DASL/Stories/BrainSizeandIntelligence.html

Methods
 Correlation
 Regression
 Scatterplot
 Brain Size and Intelligence
Description: Willerman et al. (1991) collected a sample of 40
right-handed Anglo introductory psychology students at a large
southwestern university. Subjects took four subtests (Vocabulary,
Similarities, Block Design, and Picture Completion) of the Wechsler
(1981) Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. The researchers used
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to determine the brain size of
the subjects. Information about gender and body size (height and
weight) are also included. The researchers withheld the weights of
two subjects and the height of one subject for reasons of
confidentiality.
 Gender FSIQ VIQ PIQ Weight Height MRI_Count

Data Female
Male
Male
Male
133
140
139
133
132
150
123
129
124
124
150
128
118
¥
143
172
64.5
72.5
73.3
68.8
816932
1001121
1038437
965353
Female 137 132 134 147 65.0 951545
Female 99 90 110 146 69.0 928799
Female 138 136 131 138 64.5 991305
Female 92 90 98 175 66.0 854258
Gender: Male or Female Male 89 93 84 134 66.3 904858
Male 133 114 147 172 68.8 955466
FSIQ: Full Scale IQ scores Female 132 129 124 118 64.5 833868
based on the four Wechsler Male
Male
141
135
150
129
128
124
151
155
70.0
69.0
1079549
924059
(1981) subtests Female
Female
140
96
120
100
147
90
155
146
70.5
66.0
856472
878897
VIQ: Verbal IQ scores Female 83 71 96 135 68.0 865363
Female 132 132 120 127 68.5 852244
based on the four Wechsler Male 100 96 102 178 73.5 945088
(1981) subtests Female
Male
101
80
112
77
84
86
136
180
66.3
70.0
808020
889083
PIQ: Performance IQ Male 83 83 86 ¥ ¥ 892420
Male 97 107 84 186 76.5 905940
scores based on the four Female 135 129 134 122 62.0 790619
Wechsler (1981) subtests Male
Female
139
91
145
86
128
102
132
114
68.0
63.0
955003
831772
Weight: body weight in pounds Male
Female
141
85
145
90
131
84
171
140
72.0
68.0
935494
798612
Height: height in inches Male 103 96 110 187 77.0 1062462
Female 77 83 72 106 63.0 793549
MRI_Count: total pixel Count Female 130 126 124 159 66.5 866662
from the 18 MRI scans Female
Male
133
144
126
145
132
137
127
191
62.5
67.0
857782
949589
Male 103 96 110 192 75.5 997925
Male 90 96 86 181 69.0 879987
Female 83 90 81 143 66.5 834344
Female 133 129 128 153 66.5 948066
Male 140 150 124 144 70.5 949395
Number of cases: 40 Female
Male
88
81
86
90
94
74
139
148
64.5
74.0
893983
930016
Male 89 91 89 179 75.5 935863
Descriptive Statistics in Calc
 Load Dataset into Calc
Import Dataset
Create BMI Column
=(weight/(height^2))*703
Categorize BMI
Underweight <18.5
Normal < 25 =IF(BMI<18.5,”Underweight”,
IF(BMI<25,”Normal”,
Overweight < 30 IF(BMI<30,”Overweight”,”Obese”)))
Obese > 30
 Use DataPilot Feature
Data → DataPilot → Start..
 Charts and Graphs
116

115

• Bar chart of Male IQ vs

Female IQ
114

113

• XY Scatter Plot of IQ vs MRI 112

pixel count 111

• XY Scatter Plot of Weight vs 110

Female Male

Height 80

1200000

75
1000000

70
800000

65
600000

60
400000

200000 55

0 50
70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
Descriptive Statistics Using R
 Processing Data in R
Import Data
> data =read.table("brain-size.csv",1,"\t");

Add BMI Data Columns

> data$bmi=data$Weight/(data$Height^2)*703;
 Descriptive Statistics in R
Mean IQ
> mean(data$FSIQ)
[1] 113.45

Standard Deviation of IQ
> sd(data$FSIQ)
[1] 24.08207

Summary
> summary(data$FSIQ)
Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
77.00 89.75 116.50 113.40 135.50 144.00
 T-Test in R
> t.test(data$FSIQ[data$Gender=="Female"],data$FSIQ[data$Gender=="Male"])

Welch Two Sample t-test

data: data$FSIQ[data$Gender == "Female"] and data$FSIQ[data$Gender == "Male"]

t = -0.4027, df = 37.892, p-value = 0.6895
alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
-18.68639 12.48639
sample estimates:
mean of x mean of y
111.9 115.0
 Correlation in R
> cor.test(data$Weight,data$Height)

Pearson's product-moment correlation

data: data$Weight and data$Height

t = 5.8748, df = 36, p-value = 1.021e-06
alternative hypothesis: true correlation is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
0.4893837 0.8329941
sample estimates:
cor
0.699614
 Plots in R
XY Scatter Plot between Verbal IQ and Total IQ
> plot(data$FSIQ,data$VIQ)
 Charts in R
Bar Graph of Means of Male vs Female Iqs
>barplot(c(mean(data$FSIQ[data$Gender=="Female"]),mean(data$FSIQ[da
ta$Gender=="Male"])),names.arg=levels(data$Gender))
PSPP
 Descriptive Statistics in PSPP
Analyze → Descriptive Statistics → Descriptives
 Tests in PSPP
Independent Sample T-Test
Analyze → Compare Means → Independent Sample T Test
 Conclusion
There are many open source software packages
for statistical analysis
While some packages are completely analogous
to their respective non-free alternatives, others
are still work in progress
The important thing is to know what is out there
For rest there is always Google.