Objective:

- Point out the main ideas in the discovery of

the structure of the atom and its subatomic
particles
- Cite the contributions of J.J. Thompson,
Ernest Rutherford, Henry Moseley, and Niels
Bohr to the understanding of the structure of
the atom
- Describe the nuclear model of the atom and
the location of its major components
(protons, neutrons, and electrons)
 Learning Objective:
- Point out the main
ideas in the discovery
of the structure of the
atom and its subatomic
particles.
WHAT DOES AN
ATOM
REALLY LOOK
LIKE?
 ATOM
- Atoms can be visualized as a spherical
particle with tiny, positively charged
center(atomic nucleus) that
contains most of the mass; diffuse outer
layer that is negatively charged.
- Composed of Subatomic particles
which are protons, electrons and
neutrons.
THE STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM & ITS SUBATOMIC
PARTICLES
ELECTRONS
-Electrons are found outside the
nucleus of an atom moving
around it with specific energy
levels.
-They are negatively charged,
which is equal and opposite to
the charge
of a proton.
PROTONS
- Proton is positively charge
particles.
-The number of protons of an
element is equal to Atomic
number.
NEUTRONS
- Neutrons DO NOT HAVE
ELECTRIC CHARGE
associated with them.
- Neutrons are neutrally
charged
subatomic particles.
NUCLEUS
-Is the small, dense region consisting
of protons and neutrons at the center
of an atom.
-The nucleus is a positively charge.
-Contains most of the mass of an
atom.
NOTE: The nucleus has an overall positive
charge as it contains the protons. Every
atom has no overall charge (neutral). This
is because they contain equal numbers of
HOW TO FIND THE NUMBER OF ELECTRONS,
PROTONS and NEUTRONS
 HOW TO FIND THE NUMBER OF ELECTRONS,
PROTONS and NEUTRONS
(Z) atomic number = (p) protons
14 = (e) electrons
Silicon
29
(A) atomic mass = (p) protons + (n) neutrons

n = A – p+ A = p + n˚ A = Z + n˚
= 29 – 14 = 14 + 15 = 14 + 15
= 15 = 29 = 29
HOW TO FIND THE NUMBER OF ELECTRONS,
PROTONS and NEUTRONS
ACTIVITY : ATOM PRACTICE
Grab a partner. Using a periodic table complete the missing
details of an element below.
ELEMENT Atomic Atomic No. of No. of No. of
Number (Z) Mass (A) Electrons Neutrons Protons

1. Arsenic 33 75 33 42 33

2. Magnesium 12 24

3. Aluminum 13 27

4. Cobalt 27 59

5. Boron 5 11
ASSIGNMENT:

Using the periodic table of elements. Complete what is

missing in each box. Use a separate sheet of paper for your
answer.
Objective:
- Cite the contributions of
J.J. Thompson, Ernest
Rutherford, Henry
Moseley, and Niels Bohr
to the understanding of
the structure of the atom
IDEA OF AN ATOM: JOHN DALTON
1766 - 1844
-Introduced his ideas in 1803
that each element composed of
extremely smallest particle
called ATOMS..
IDEA OF AN ATOM: JOHN DALTON
“Solid Sphere Model”

DALTON MODEL OF AN
ATOM
IDEA OF AN ATOM: J.J THOMSON
-First model to use idea of subatomic
particles.
-Conceptualized following cathode ray
experiments, he established the mass and
charge properties of these particles,
ELECTRONS.
- He would later conclude that the
electron was not the only mass in the
atom. This implied that th atom was
IDEA OF AN ATOM: J.J THOMSON
-Conceptualized following cathode ray experiments
-First model to use idea of subatomic particles.
 CONTRIBUTIO
CATHODE NS:
RAY TUBE EXPERIMENT
 CONTRIBUTIO
J.J THOMSON
NS: PLUM PUDDING

J.J THOMSON MODEL OF AN ATOM

IDEA OF AN ATOM: ERNEST RUTHERFORD
-He concluded that radioactivity occurred
due to changes on a subatomic level or,
changes in the atom itself.
-He distinguished two kinds of radiation:
(∂)alpha decay and (ß) beta decay.
-Has a NUCLEUS
IDEA OF AN ATOM: ERNEST RUTHERFORD
-Conceptualized following a-particle experiments
-Has a NUCLEUS
IDEA OF AN ATOM: ERNEST RUTHERFORD
IDEA OF AN ATOM: ERNEST RUTHERFORD

RUTHERFORD NUCLEAR MODEL OF AN ATOM

THE NUCLEAR MODEL: ERNEST
RUTHERFORD
-The nuclear model states that the
NUCLEUS is small, dense, and
located at the center of the atom. It
contains protons and neutrons.
Overall, it is a positively charged. It
contains nearly all the mass of an
atom. The electrons orbit around.
-The nuclear model has been
deduced from the experiment done
by Rutherford
GEIGER-MARSDEN EXPERIMENT
THE NUCLEAR MODEL: ERNEST
RUTHERFORD
-There was a force behind the deflections – the repulsion of the positively
charged alpha particles by the positively charged material.

-If this charge in a sphere with the same size of the atom, the force should have
been weak. This led to the assumption that the charge was concentrated in a
small space or sphere.

-Rutherford proposed that the positive charge, and the mass of the atom were
concentrated in a small part of the total volume of the atom called NUCLEUS.
THE NUCLEAR MODEL: ERNEST
RUTHERFORD
DRAWBACKS IN RUTHERFORD ATOMIC
MODEL
-Rutherford atomic model failed to explain about the stability of electrons in a
circular path.
-As per Rutherford’s model, electrons revolve around the nucleus in a circular
path. But particles that are in motion on a circular path would undergo
acceleration, and acceleration causes radiation of energy by charged particles.
Eventually, electrons should lose energy and fall into the nucleus. And this
points to the instability of the atom. But this is not possible because
atoms are stable. Hence, Rutherford failed to give an explanation on
account of this.
IDEA OF AN ATOM: NIELS BOHR

-Has a NUCLEUS
-Has energy levels called quanta
-Explains why electrons don’t fall into the nucleus
-Proposed that electrons “jumped” between energy levels
IDEA OF AN ATOM: NIELS BOHR
IDEA OF AN ATOM: NIELS BOHR

BOHR MODEL OF AN ATOM

IDEA OF AN ATOM: HENRY MOSELEY
-Found and proved that there were no elements lighter than
hydrogen (atomic number 1)
-Showed that the correct ordering of elements on the
periodic table should be put together based on their atomic
number (number of + charges in the nucleus)
-In 1914, Henry Moseley used x-ray tubes to determine the
charges on the nuclei of most atoms. He wrote "The atomic
number of an element is equal to the number of protons in
the nucleus". This work was used to reorganize the periodic
table based upon atomic number instead of atomic mass.
IDEA OF AN ATOM: HENRY MOSELEY
The events that led to the atomic theory unfolded as a series of
scientific breakthroughs and puzzles. 1913 was a year of highs and
lows in physical sciences. Scientists discovered new, heavy elements
that would not fit into the Mendeleev table that classified elements
on the basis of atomic weights and properties of elements. The
atomic number was just a number on the table with no real
significance. Although Rutherford had proved the presence of a small
positive nucleus, the link to atomic number was missing.
At this point, Henry Moseley believed that atomic number, the
number of positive charges in the nucleus, would be a more
fundamental property to use in classifying elements. His idea had a
prior base as in 1911, Antonius van den Broek had related atomic
numbers to the positive charges in the nucleus. The X-ray diffraction
experiment interested Moseley and he firmly believed that X-ray
spectroscopy would help him prove an den Broek's hypothesis.
IDEA OF AN ATOM: HENRY MOSELEY

X-RAY SPECTROMETER
A tool used by Henry Moseley in his research was the X-Ray Spectrometer. It allowed him to detect certain wave
lengths that were being given off by different elements which lead to determine the amount of positive charges
in a nucleus. These wave lengths were used to define an element's order, giving its atomic number.
WHAT DOES AN
ATOM
REALLY LOOK
LIKE?
 SCIENCE
CONCEPTS:
-Atoms can be visualized as a spherical particle with tiny, positively charged
center(atomic nucleus) that contains most of the mass; diffuse outer layer that is
negatively charged.
- Atomic nucleus is tiny, positively charged, massive center of an atom that contains
protons and neutrons; contains most of the mass of an atom
- Electrons are found outside the nucleus of an atom moving around it with specific
energy levels.
- Protons and electrons are the only particles that have a charge.
- Protons and neutrons have essentially the same mass.
- The mass of an electron is so small we ignore it.
- Each atom contains the same number of protons and electrons.
- The atomic number tells you both the number of protons and electrons in an atom.
- All atoms of a given element have the same number of protons in the nucleus.
- Atomic Number (Z) = number of protons.
- In a neutral atom, the # of protons = the # of electrons
- Atomic Mass Number - equal to the number of protons plus neutrons
Write TRUE or FALSE. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

_____1. J.J. Thompson first model to use idea of subatomic particles.

_____2. Atomic nucleus is negatively charged.
_____3. Electrons are found inside the nucleus of an atom.
_____4. Protons and electrons are the only particles that DON’T have a charge.
_____5. Protons and neutrons have essentially the same mass.
_____6. Each atom contains the same number of protons and electrons.
_____7. The atomic mass tells you both the number of protons and electrons in an
atom.
_____8. All atoms of a given element have the same number of protons in the nucleus.
_____9. Plum pudding is a model of atom by John Dalton.
_____10. Atoms can be visualized as a spherical particle.
Write TRUE or FALSE. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

True 1. J.J. Thompson first model to use idea of subatomic particles.

False 2. Atomic nucleus is negatively charged.
False 3. Electrons are found inside the nucleus of an atom.
False 4. Protons and electrons are the only particles that DON’T have a charge.
True 5. Protons and neutrons have essentially the same mass.
True 6. Each atom contains the same number of protons and electrons.
True 7. The atomic mass tells you both the number of protons and electrons in an
atom.
True 8. All atoms of a given element have the same number of protons in the nucleus.
False 9. Plum pudding is a model of atom by John Dalton.
True 10. Atoms can be visualized as a spherical particle.