CLASS IX CHAPTER 15

IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES Part -1

 IMPROVEMENT IN
FOOD RESOURCES

Animal
Crops
Husbandry
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 Why to raise food production ?

Increasing population

How to raise food production ?

Sustainable Practices

Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 3

 Does the food production solve the
problem ?

Simply increasing grain production for storage in

warehouses cannot solve the
problem of malnutrition and hunger.

• People should have money to purchase food.

• Increasing the incomes of people working in
agriculture.

Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 4

 Nutrients provided by plants
Carbohydrate Wheat, rice, maize, millets
& sorghum

Protein Gram (chana), pea (matar), black

gram (urad), green gram (moong),
pigeon pea (arhar), lentil (masoor).
Fat (oil seeds) Soyabean, ground nut, sesame,
castor, mustard, linseed &
sunflower
Vitamins & minerals Vegetables, spices & fruits

Fodder crops Berseem, oats or Sudan grass

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Crops
Different crops require different
• Climatic conditions
• Temperature
• Photoperiods
for their growth and completion
of their life cycle.

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 Types of crops
Kharif crops Rabi crops

These crops are grown in These crops are grown in

rainy season are called as winter season are called
Kharif crops (Paddy, Soya Rabi crops (Wheat, gram,
bean, pigeon pea and peas, and mustard). They
maize). They are grown are grown November to
from June to October. April.

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 Improving crop yield
• Crop variety • Crop production
improvement improvement

Crop protection
management

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FACTORS FOR VARIETY IMPROVEMENT
1. To get higher yield

2. Improved quality

3. Wider adaptability

4. Biotic and abiotic resistance

5.Change in maturity duration

6.Other desirable agronomic characteristics

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Crop variety improvement-
For improvement in variety hybridization
&
Genetic modification

is done.

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Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur
 Hybridization
It is crossing between genetically dissimilar plants.

Inter-varietal
(between different varieties)

Interspecific
(between two species of same genus)

Intergeneric
(between two different genera)
Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 11
 Genetic modification
• Genetically modified crop It  is the process of altering
the genetic make up of a crop.
• In the field of bio-technology ,  GM crops  stands for
genetically modified crops , that has been purposefully
engineered and not selectively bred organisms

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 CROP PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
There is a correlation between higher inputs and yields.
Thus, the farmer’s purchasing capacity for inputs
decides cropping system and production practices.

NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

IRRIGATION

CROPPING PATTERNS

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 NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

Source Nutrients

Air Carbon, Oxygen

Water Hydrogen, Oxygen

Soil (i) Macronutrients: Nitrogen, Phosphorus,

Potassium, Calcium , Magnesium, Sulphur
(ii) Micronutrients: Iron, zinc copper
Manganese, Boron , Molybdenum,
Chlorine

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 Manure
Manure is prepared by the decomposition of animal
excreta and plant waste. Manure helps in enriching soil
with nutrients and organic matter and increasing
soil fertility.

Advantages of Manure
 Nutrients and organic matter
Increasing soil fertility.
Improving the soil structure
Increasing the water holding capacity in sandy soils
In clayey soils help in drainage and in avoiding water
logging.
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 Types of Manure
Compost • Vegetable waste, animal refuse,
domestic waste, sewage waste,
& straw, eradicated weeds etc. is
decomposed in pits is known as
vermi- composting. Vermicomposting -using
earthworms to hasten the process of
compost decomposition

• Some plants like sun or hemp or are

grown and then mulched by ploughing
Green them into the soil, ,turn into green
manure manure which helps in enriching the
soil in nitrogen and phosphorus.
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 FERTILIZERS
Fertilizers are commercially produced plant nutrients.
Fertilizers supply Nitrogen, Phosphorus & Potassium.
• ensure good vegetative growth
• giving rise to healthy plants.
Advantages
• Are factor in the higher yields of
high-cost farming.

• continuous use can destroy soil

fertility
Disadvantage s

• microorganisms in soil are harmed

• Lead to water pollution
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 Organic farming
Organic farming is a farming system with minimal or no
use of chemicals as fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides etc

It uses
Organic manures
 Recycled farm-wastes (straw and livestock excreta),
 Use of bio-agents such as culture of blue green
algae in preparation of biofertilizers, neem leaves or
turmeric specifically in grain storage as bio-
pesticides,
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 Irrigation
The ways to water crops at the right stages during
their growing season can increase the expected
yields of any crop. Poor monsoons cause crop
failure.
Water resources:-
 Wells:
 Canals
 River
 Tanks
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 Rain water harvesting
This involves building small check-dams which lead
to an increase in ground water levels. The check-
dams stop the rainwater from flowing away and
also reduce soil erosion.

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 Cropping patterns
Inter-cropping
Growing two or
Mixed cropping more crops crop rotation
simultaneously
Growing two or growing of
on the same
more crops different crops
field in a definite
simultaneously on a piece
pattern.
on the same of land in a pre-
piece of land. planned
succession

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Advantages of cropping patterns
 Mixed cropping reduces risk and gives some
insurance against failure of one of the crops.

 Inter-cropping ensures maximum utilization of

the nutrients supplied, and also prevents pests
and diseases from spreading to all the plants

 By crop rotation two or three crops can be

grown in a year with good harvests.
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 Crop protection management
Field crops are infested by a large number of weeds, insect
pests and diseases. If weeds and pests are not controlled
at the appropriate time then they can damage the crops

Weeds Insects Diseases

Unwanted plants (i) They cut the root, Caused by
in the cultivated stem and leaf, Bacteria, Fungi
field, (ii)They suck the cell & Viruses are
Harm -take up sap from various transmitted
nutrients and parts of the plant through the
reduce the (iii) They bore into soil, water and
growth of the stem and fruits. air.
crop. 23
 CONTROL OF WEEDS
Weed control methods
(I)mechanical removal
Preventive methods
(1)proper seed bed
preparation
(2) timely sowing of
crops
(3) intercropping and
crop rotation.
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 CONTROL OF PESTS
Preventive measures against pests
(1)Use of resistant varieties
(2)Summer ploughing, -fields are ploughed deep in
summers to destroy weeds and pests.

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 STORAGE OF GRAINS

BIOTIC STORAGE LOSSES ABIOTIC

1.Insects
2.Rodents 1. MOISTURE
3.Fungi
4.Mites 2. TEMPERATURE
5.Bacteria, At storage place

Cause
(1)degradation in quality (2)loss in weight,
(3) poor germinability (4) discolouration of produce
All leading to poor marketability.
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Preventive and control measures
for storage
 strict cleaning before storage
 Proper drying in sunlight and then in
shade, and fumigation before storage.
 using chemicals that can kill pests.

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Summary

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