Seminar

On
wireless local loop

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Mr. Juhar Mohammed Group 7 students
Content
 Introduction
 What is a wireless local loop?
 History of WLL
 WLL Configuration
 How does WLL work?
 Communication for WLL
 Technical Requirement
 Implementation of WLL
 WLL VS Wire line System
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Conclusion
 References
INTRODUCTION

 In the telephone networks, the circuit between the subscriber's

equipment (e.g. telephone set) and the local exchange is called
the subscriber loop or local loop.
 Copper wire has been used as the medium for local loop to
provide voice and voice-band data services.
 Since 1980s, the demand for communications services has
increased explosively. There has been a great need for the
basic telephone service, i.e. the plain old telephone service
(POTS) in developing countries.
 
 
What is a wireless local loop?

 In a telephone network, a wireless local loop (WLL) is a

generic term for an access system that uses a wireless link to
connect subscribers to their local exchange in place of
conventional copper cable.
 Using a wireless link shortens the construction period and also
reduces installation and operating costs.
History of WLL

 Wireless access first started to become a possibility in the

1950s and 1960s as simple radio technology reduced in price.
 For some remote communities in isolated parts of the country,
the most effective manner of providing communication was to
provide a radio, kept in a central part of the community.
 By the end of the 1970s, communities linked by radio often
had dedicated radio links to each house, the links connected
into the switch such that they were used in the same manner as
normal twisted-pair links.
WLL Configuration
How does WLL work?

 WLL, which stands for Wireless Local Loop is of course a

technology that connects subscribers to the PSTN using radio
signals as a substitute for copper for all or part of the
connection between the subscriber and the switch.
 The difference is that WLL phones usually stay in a relatively
fixed location. WLL phones often connect to AC current rather
than using batteries. They are used to provide voice, fax, and
data connections. The diagram below shows how the subscriber
unit conveys digital signal through RF to the base station (RBS
or BTS), which has a landline to the BSC and then back to the
main switch office.
How does WLL work?
…
COMMUNICATION FOR WLL

 Point-to-Point.
 Microwave platform(all communications are
transferred to the public network using point to
point microwave links.)
 Fixed wireless communication does not require
feeds from satellite or from the local phone
service.This reduces the cost and time for planning
miles of cable.
TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS

 Communications Quality
 Short Construction Period
 Low Cost
 Absence Of Interference With Other Wireless Systems:
microwave & broadcasting system
 High Traffic Volume
IMPLEMENTATION OF WLL

 Analog Cellular
 Digital Cellular
 Personal Communication Service (PSN)
 Cordless Telephone
 ANALOG CELLULAR
 Analog cellular technology uses analog signals to transmit
voice and data between mobile devices and cellular networks.
This technology was widely used in the past but has been
largely replaced by digital cellular technology due to its
limitations in terms of call quality, capacity, and security.
 There are many types of analog cellular systems in use
throughout the world such us Advanced mobile phone system
(AMPS), Total Access communications systems (TACS), Nordic
mobile telephone (NMT)
 Due to widespread deployment, analog cellular systems are
expected to be a major wireless platform for WLL.
 The Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)
It was the first standardized cellular service in the
world.
The AMPS telephones (or handsets) have the familiar
telephone-style user interface and are compatible with any
AMPS base station. This makes mobility between service
providers (roaming) simpler for subscribers.
Limitations associated with AMPS include:
1. low calling capacity
2. limited spectrum
3. no room for spectrum growth
4. poor data communications
5. minimal privacy
6. inadequate fraud protection
 Total Access Communication System (TACS)
The Total Access Communication System (TACS) is
very similar to the AMPS system.
Its primary differences include changes to the radio
channel frequencies, radio channel bandwidths, and
data signaling rates.
The TACS system was deployed in 25kHz radio
channels, compared to the 30kHz channels used in
AMPS. This narrower radio bandwidth reduced the data
speed of the signaling channel.
 Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT)
There are two Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) systems;
NMT 450 that is a low capacity system and NMT 900
that is a high capacity system. The Nordic mobile
telephone (NMT) system was developed by the
telecommunications administrations of Sweden,
Norway, Finland, and Denmark to create a compatible
mobile telephone system in the Nordic countries.
 DIGITAL CELLULAR

 Digital cellular technology, on the other hand, uses digital

signals to transmit voice and data between mobile devices
and cellular networks.
 Rapid growth

 GSM,TDM,E-TDM, CDMA

The general characteristics of TDM, GSM,

ETDM and CDMA promise to significantly increase the
efficiency of cellular telephone systems to allow a greater
number of simultaneous conversations.
 The advantages of digital cellular technologies over
analog cellular networks include increased capacity
and security. Technology options such as TDMA and
CDMA offer more channels in the same analog cellular
bandwidth and encrypted voice and data.
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
TDMA provides each call with time slots so that several
calls can occupy one bandwidth.Each caller is assigned
a specific time slot.
TDMA is able to use up to six channels in the same
bandwidth where AMPS uses one channel.
Extended Time Division Multiple Access (E–TDMA)
The extended TDMA (E–TDMA) standard claims a
capacity of fifteen times that of analog cellular
systems.
E–TDMA divides the finite number of cellular
frequencies into more time slots than TDMA. This
allows the system to support more simultaneous
cellular calls.
 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
code division multiple access; a form of digital cellular
phone service that is a spread spectrum technology
that assigns a code to all speech bits, sends scrambled
transmission of the encoded speech over the air, and
reassembles the speech to its original format
 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION SERVICE

 PCS/PCN incorporates elements of digital cellular and cordless

standards as well as newly developed radio-frequency (RF) protocols.
 Its purpose is to offer low-mobility wireless service using low-power
antennas and lightweight, inexpensive handsets. PCN is primarily
seen as a city communications system with far less range than
cellular.

PCS is a generation of wireless cellular-phone technology, that

combines a range of features and services surpassing those
available in analogue- and first-generation digital-cellular phone
systems, providing a user with an all-in-one wireless phone,
paging, messaging, and data service
 Cordless telephone
A cordless telephone or portable telephone has a
portable telephone handset that connects by radio to
a base station connected to the public telephone
network. The operational range is limited, usually to
the same building or within some short distance from
the base station.
A cordless telephone differs functionally from a mobile
telephone in its limited range and by depending the
base station on the subscriber premises.
WLL VS WIRELINE SYSTEM

 Concentration of Resources
 Flexibility to planning and deployment of the system
 Fast network deployment and change
 Lower maintenance and capital costs
 Local mobile feature
 Temporary Installation
Advantages

 Faster deployment
  Lower deployment costs
 Lower network maintenance, management, and operating
costs
 Lower network extension costs
 High bandwidth is available providing
Video;
- High-speed Internet access; and
- Telephony services.
Disadvantages

 The technology is more costly due to the need for research

and development  
 The technology has not been tested over a long term of time
for reliability and repair costs
 Customer accessibility is still low
 Market investment is slow
CONCULSION

 High capacity for voice channels and quick start of services.

 WLL will play a more important role for local loop services in
future.
References

 www.studymafia.org
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.google.com
THANKS