CH.

10 CHEMICAL
QUANTITIES
Sect.1 – The Mole: A Measurement of Matter
Sect. 2 – Mole – Mass and Mole – Volume Relationships
Sect. 3 – Percent Composition and Chemical Formulas
How do you buy
blueberries?

How do grouping
blueberries make it easier
to count them?
 L L
CA canyou
youmeasure
convert matter?
among the count, mass, and volume
RE How do
of something?
How do you measure apples in each of the following locations?

Fruit Stand Grocery Store Apple Orchard

 Fruit Stand Grocery Store Orchard

BY COUNT BY MASS BY VOLUME

1 dozen apples = 12 apples 1 dozen apples = 2.0kg apples 1 dozen apples = 0.20 bushel
apples
Knowing how the count, mass, and volume of an item relate to a
common unit allows you to convert among these units.

Ex.
1 dozen apples 2.0 kg apples 1 dozen apples
12 apples 1 dozen apples 0.20 bushel apples

YAY FOR UNITS!

*CONVERSION!*
 CONVERSION REVIEW

What is the mass of 90 average-sized apples if 1 dozen

of the apples has a mass of 2.0 kg?
KNOWNS UNKNOWN
number of apples = 90 apples
12 apples = 1 dozen apples mass of 90 apples = ? kg
1 dozen apples = 2.0 kg apples

1 dozen apples 2.0 kg apples

90 apples × × = 15 kg apples
12 apples 1 dozen apples
 SECT.1 THE MOLE
How do chemists count the number of atoms, molecules, or formula units
in a substance?

Recall that matter is composed of atoms, molecules, and ions.

• These particles are much, MUCH smaller than grains of sand, and an
extremely large number of them are in a small sample of a substance.
• Obviously, counting particles one by one is not practical.
 SECT.1 THE MOLE
• Think about counting eggs.
o It’s easier when the eggs
are grouped into dozens.
o A dozen is a specified
number (12) of things.
• Think about counting eggs.
 SECT.1 THE MOLE
Counting with Moles
• Chemists also use a unit that is a specified number of particles.
• The unit is called the mole.
• A mole (mol) of a substance is 6.02 × 1023 representative
particles of that substance and is the SI unit for measuring the
amount of a substance.
• The number of representative particles in a mole, 6.02 × 1023,
is called Avogadro’s number.

Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

.
 SECT.1 THE MOLE
Counting with Moles
• The term representative particle refers to the species
present in a substance, usually atoms, molecules, or
formula units.
• The representative particle of most elements is the
atom.
• Iron is composed of iron atoms. Helium is composed
of helium atoms.

1 dozen = 12 eggs :: 1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 representative particles

 SECT.1 THE MOLE
Counting with Moles
• Seven elements normally exist as diatomic molecules (H2, N2,
O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, and I2).
• The representative particle of these elements and of all
molecular compounds is the molecule.
• The molecular compounds water (H2O) and sulfur dioxide
(SO2) are composed of H2O and SO2 molecules,
respectively.
 SECT.1 THE MOLE
Counting with Moles
The mole allows chemists to count the number of representative
particles in a substance.
• A mole of any substance contains Avogadro’s number of
representative particles, or 6.02 × 1023 representative particles.

1 mol 6.02 × 1023 representative particles

6.02 × 1023 representative particles
= 1 mol
 Interpret Data

Counting with Moles

• The table below summarizes the relationship between
representative particles and moles of substances.

Representative Particles and Moles

Substance Representative Chemical Representative
particle formula particles in 1.00 mol
Copper Atom Cu 6.02 × 1023
Atomic nitrogen Atom N 6.02 × 1023
Nitrogen gas Molecule N2 6.02 × 1023
Water Molecule H2O 6.02 × 1023
Calcium ion Ion Ca2+ 6.02 × 1023
Calcium fluoride Formula unit CaF2 6.02 × 1023
 Sample Problem 10.2

Converting Number of Atoms to Moles

Magnesium is a light metal used in the manufacture of aircraft, automobile wheels, and
tools. How many moles of magnesium is 1.25 × 1023 atoms of magnesium?

• The desired conversion is atoms → moles.

KNOWN : number of atoms = 1.25 × 1025 atoms Mg

UNKNOWN : moles = ? mol Mg
UNIT CONVERSION : 1 mol Mg = 6.02 × 1023 atoms Mg
 SECT.1 THE MOLE
PRACTICE PROBLEM

How many moles is 2.80 x 1024 atoms of silicon?

 SECT.1 THE MOLE
PRACTICE PROBLEM

How many moles is 2.17 x 1023 representative

particles of bromine?

What is the representative particle of bromine?

Bromine is a diatomic molecule = Br2
Representative particle = molecule = Br2
Conversion unit: 1 mole of Br2 = 6.02 x 1023 molecules
 SECT.1 THE MOLE
PRACTICE PROBLEM

How many moles are equal to 3.61 x 1024 representative particles

of potassium chloride, KCl?
 SECT.1 THE MOLE
PRACTICE PROBLEM

How many moles are equal to 5.82 x 1023 atoms of

tungsten, W?
 SECT.1 THE MOLE
How do you determine the number of atoms in a mole
of a representative particle?

• To find the number of atoms in a given number of moles of a

compound, you must first determine the number of representative
particles.
• Recall that a representative particle can be an:

Atom : Ex. Na, Fe, Al Why is water an

Molecule : Ex. H2, N2, H2O example of both a
Compound : Ex. CaF2, CH4, H2O molecule and a
Ion : Ex. Ca2+, P3-, B3+ compound?
 RE
C AL
L

• All compounds are molecules but NOT ALL

molecules are compounds.
 Sample Problem 10.3

Converting Moles to Number of Atoms

Propane is a gas used for cooking and heating. How many atoms are
in 2.12 mol of propane (C3H8)?
The desired conversion is:
moles → molecules → atoms.
 SECT.1 THE MOLE
PRACTICE PROBLEM
Converting Moles to Number of Atoms
How many atoms are in 1.00 mole of glucose, C6H12O6?

The desired conversion is:

moles → molecules → atoms.
 SECT.1 THE MOLE
PRACTICE PROBLEM
Converting Moles to Number of Atoms
How many atoms of C are in 2.00 moles of C6H12O6?
The desired conversion is:
moles → molecules → atoms.
 SECT.1 THE MOLE
PRACTICE PROBLEM
Converting Moles to Number of Atoms
How many atoms of H are in 3.00 moles of C6H12O6?
The desired conversion is:
moles → molecules → atoms.
 SECT.1 THE MOLE
PRACTICE PROBLEM
Converting Moles to Number of Atoms
How many atoms of O are in 1.25 moles of C6H12O6?
The desired conversion is:
moles → molecules → atoms.
 SECT.1 THE MOLE
The Mass of a Mole of an Element
The atomic mass of an element expressed in grams is the mass of a mole of the
element.
• The mass of a mole of an element is its molar mass.

• For carbon, the molar mass is 12.0 g.

• For atomic hydrogen, the molar mass is 1.0 g.
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 MOLAR MASS

The Mass of a Mole of an Element

1 mol of sulfur atoms = 32.1 g

1 mol of carbon atoms = 12.0 g 1 mol of iron atoms = 55.85 g

• This figure
shows one mole
of carbon,
sulfur, and iron.
 SECT.1 THE MOLE
The Mass of a Mole of an Element
How many atoms are contained in the molar mass of an element?

1 mole of K = 39.098 g = 6.02 x 1023 atoms

1 mole of O = 15.99 g = 6.02 x 1023 atoms

1 mole of = g = 6.02 x 1023 atoms

• Molar mass is the mass of 1 mol of atoms of any element.

 SECT.1 THE MOLE
The Mass of a Mole of a Compound

• To find the mass of a mole of a compound, you must know the

formula of the compound.
• A molecule of SO3 is composed of one atom of sulfur and three atoms of
oxygen.

• You can calculate the mass of a molecule of SO3 by adding the atomic
masses of the atoms making up the molecule.
 SECT.1 THE MOLE
The Mass of a Mole of a Compound

• Example #2
• A molecule of CH4 is composed of one atom of carbon and four atoms of
hydrogen.

= +

1 CH4 molecule = 1 C atom + 4 H atoms

 MOLAR MASS

The Mass of a Mole of a Compound

1 mol of paradichlorobenzene (C6H4Cl2)

1 mol of glucose (C6H12O6)
molecules (moth crystals)
molecules (blood sugar)
= 147.0 g
= 180.0 g

1 mol of water (H2O) molecules = 18.0 g

 Sample Problem 10.4

The Mass of a Mole of a Compound

The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) provides sufficient
energy to launch a rocket. What is the molar mass of hydrogen peroxide?

One mole of H2O2 has 2 mol of H atoms and 2

KNOWNS
molecular formula = H2O2 mol of O atoms, so multiply the molar mass of
each element by 2.
mass of 1 mol H = 1.0 g H
mass of 1 mol O = 16.0 g O
UNKNOWN
molar mass = ? g/mol
 SECT.1 THE MOLE
PRACTICE PROBLEM

Determine the mass of one mole of each of the following

compounds:

1. CO2 4. N2
5. NaOH
2. Br2
6. Al2(SO)3
3. H2

7. Ba(NO3)2
 SECT.1 THE MOLE
PRACTICE PROBLEM

What is the mass, in grams, of 1.72 mole CaCl2?

 SECT.1 THE MOLE

Complete the following analogy:

Molar mass is to moles of a substance

as atomic/molecular mass is to _____.
 TODAY’S DATE:
Guess how many pieces of candy are in the
container.
 SECT.2 MOLE-MASS
MOLE-VOLUME
How do you convert the mass of a substance to the
number of moles of the substance?

28.0855 g 1 mole
=
1 mole 28.0855 g

1 mole of Silicon = 28.0855g

 SECT.2 MOLE-MASS
MOLE-VOLUME
How do you convert the mass of a substance to the
number of moles of the substance?

Use the molar mass of an element or compound to convert

between the mass of a substance and the moles of the
substance.
• The conversion factors for these calculations are based on the
relationship molar mass = 1 mol.
molar mass 1 mol
and
1 mol molar mass
 SECT.2 MOLE-MASS
Sample Problem 10.5 MOLE-VOLUME

Items made out of aluminum, such as aircraft parts and

cookware, are resistant to corrosion because the aluminum
reacts with oxygen in the air to form a coating of aluminum
oxide. This tough, resistant coating prevents any further
corrosion. What is the mass, in grams, of 9.45 mol of
aluminum oxide?
1. What is the chemical formula of aluminum oxide?
 SECT.2 MOLE-MASS
Sample Problem 10.5 MOLE-VOLUME

2. What is the molar mass of Al2O3?

 SECT.2 MOLE-MASS
Sample Problem 10.5 MOLE-VOLUME

3. Convert 9.45 moles of Al2O3  grams

 SECT.2 MOLE-MASS
MOLE-VOLUME
Converting Moles to Mass
Practice Problem:
Find the mass, in grams, of 4.52 x 10-3 mol C20H42.
 SECT.2 MOLE-MASS
MOLE-VOLUME
Converting Moles to Mass
Practice Problem:
Calculate the mass, in grams, of 2.50 moles of iron(II) hydroxide.
 SECT.2 MOLE-MASS
Sample Problem 10.6 MOLE-VOLUME

When iron is exposed to air, it corrodes to form a red-brown rust.

Rust is iron(III) oxide. How many moles of iron(III) oxide are
contained in 92.2 g?
1. What is the chemical formula of iron(III) oxide?
 SECT.2 MOLE-MASS
Sample Problem 10.6 MOLE-VOLUME

2. What is the molar mass of Fe2O3?

 SECT.2 MOLE-MASS
Sample Problem 10.6 MOLE-VOLUME

3. Convert 92.2g of Fe2O3 to moles.

 SECT.2 MOLE-MASS
MOLE-VOLUME
Converting Mass to Moles
Practice Problem:
Find the number of moles in 3.70 x 10-1 g of boron.
 SECT.2 MOLE-MASS
MOLE-VOLUME
Converting Mass to Moles
Practice Problem:
Calculate the number of moles in 75.0g of dinitrogen trioxide.
 SECT.2 MOLE-MASS
MOLE-VOLUME
Converting Mass to Moles
Practice Problem:
Calculate the number of moles in 4.00 x 102 g of each of the following
compounds.

1. Cesium iodide ANSWER: 1.54 mol

2. Aluminum sulfate ANSWER: 1.17 mol

 SECT.2 MOLE-MASS
MOLE-VOLUME

You know how many grams of a substance you have and

want to find out how many moles this is. What other
information do you need to know, and where can you find
it?

• Molar mass, which you can calculate using the Ex. H2O = 18.02g
molecular formula
• Molar masses of the constituent elements listed in
the periodic table of elements. Ex. H = 2 x 1.01g = 2.02g
O = 1 x 16.0 g = 16.01g
 SECT.2 MOLE-MASS
MOLE-VOLUME
Mole – Volume Relationship
• Notice that the volumes of one mole of different solid and liquid
substances are not the same.
Moth balls C10H8
• The volumes of one mole of
glucose (blood sugar) and one Glucose C6H12O6

mole of parachlorobenzene
(moth crystals) are much larger
than the volume of one mole of
liquid water.

Water H2O
 SECT.2 MOLE-MASS
MOLE-VOLUME
Mole – Volume Relationship
Avogadro’s hypothesis states that equal volumes of gases at the same
temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of particles.

• Whether the particles are large or small, large expanses of space exist
between individual particles of gas.
 SECT.2 MOLE-MASS
MOLE-VOLUME
Avogadro’s Hypothesis
• The volume of a gas varies with a change in temperature or a change in
pressure.

• Due to these variations with temperature and pressure, the

volume of a gas is usually measured at standard temperature
and pressure.
• Standard temperature and pressure (STP) means a
temperature of 0°C and a pressure of 101.3 kPa, or 1
atmosphere (atm).
 SECT.2 MOLE-MASS
MOLE-VOLUME
Avogadro’s Hypothesis
• At STP, 1 mol, or 6.02 × 1023 representative particles, of any gas occupies a volume of
22.4 L.

• The quantity, 22.4 L, is called the molar volume of a gas.

The molar volume is used to convert between the number of moles of

gas and the volume of the gas at STP.
• The conversion factors for these calculations are based on the relationship 22.4 L = 1
mol at STP.
22.4 L 1 mol
and
1 mol 22.4 L
 SECT.2 MOLE-MASS
Sample Problem 10.7 MOLE-VOLUME
Calculating Gas Quantities at STP
Practice Problem:
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a gas produced by burning coal. It is an air pollutant
and one of the causes of acid rain. Determine the volume, in liters, of 0.60
mol SO2 gas at STP.
22.4 L 1 mol
HINT: Conversion factor and
1 mol 22.4 L
 SECT.2 MOLE-MASS
MOLE-VOLUME
Calculating Gas Quantities at STP
Practice Problem:
What is the volume of these gases at STP?
1. 3.20 x 10-3 mol CO2

2. 3.70 mol N2

22.4 L 1 mol
and
3. 0.960 mol CH4 HINT: Conversion factor 1 mol 22.4 L
 SECT.2 MOLE-MASS
MOLE-VOLUME
Calculating Gas Quantities at STP
Practice Problem:
At STP, how many moles are in these volumes of gases?
1. 67.2 L SO2

2. 0.880 L He

3. 1.00 x 103 L C2H6

 SECT.2 MOLE-MASS
MOLE-VOLUME
Calculating Gas Quantities at STP
Practice Problem:
At STP, what volume is occupied by each of the following gases?
1. 6.7 mol H2

2. 2.56 mol CH4

 SECT.2 MOLE-MASS
MOLE-VOLUME
Calculating Molar Mass and Density
A gas-filled air balloon will either sink or float in the air 0.179
depending on whether the density of the gas inside the kg/m3
balloon is greater or less than the density of the
surrounding air.
1.2041
•At 20 °C and 101.325 kPa, the density of dry kg/m3
air is 1.2041 kg/m3.

 Different gases have different densities.

 Usually the density of a gas is measured in
grams per liter (g/L) and at a specific
temperature.
 SECT.2 MOLE-MASS
Sample Problem 10.8 MOLE-VOLUME
Calculating the Molar Mass of a Gas at STP
Practice Problem:
The density of a gaseous compound containing carbon and oxygen is found
to be 1.964 g/L at STP. What is the molar mass of the compound?

22.4 L 1 mol
HINT: Conversion factor and
1 mol 22.4 L
 SECT.2 MOLE-MASS
MOLE-VOLUME
Calculating the Molar Mass of a Gas at STP
Practice Problem:
The gaseous compound composed of sulfur and oxygen has a density of 3.58
g/L at STP. What is the molar mass of this gas?

22.4 L 1 mol
HINT: Conversion factor and
1 mol 22.4 L
 SECT.2 MOLE-MASS
MOLE-VOLUME
Calculating the Molar Mass of a Gas at STP
Practice Problem:
What is the density of krypton gas at STP?
 SECT.2 MOLE-MASS
MOLE-VOLUME
Calculating the Molar Mass of a Gas at STP
Practice Problem:
1. A gas had a density of 0.791 g/L. What is the molar mass of this gas?

2. What is the density of nitrogen gas at STP?

 • The mole is at the center of
your chemical calculations.

• To convert from one unit to

another, you must use the
mole as an intermediate step.
 Date:

Bell-Ringer
1. Why is it important to know the percent composition
of the materials that make up your clothing?

2. What should be the total percent of the materials

listed on the label?

3. If the shirt were made of 25% polyester, instead of

15%, what percent of the shirt would be made of
cotton?
 SECT.3 PERCENT
COMPOSITION & CHEMICAL FORMULAS

What does the percent composition of a compound

tell you?

What will be the total percent of the elements listed

in the compound?
 PERCENT COMPOSITION OF A COMPOUND

• The relative amounts of the elements in a compound are expressed as the

percent composition or the percent by mass of each element in the
compound.

• The percent composition of potassium chromate, K2CrO4, is:

K = 40.3%
Cr = 26.8%
+ O = 32.9%
100%
 HOW TO CALCULATE THE %
COMPOSITION OF A COMPOUND

The percent by mass of an element in a compound is the number of

grams of the element divided by the mass in grams of the compound,
multiplied by 100%.

mass of element
% by mass of element = × 100%
mass of compound
 Sample Problem 10.9

CALCULATING PERCENT COMPOSITION FROM

MASS DATA

When a 13.60-g sample of a compound containing only magnesium and

oxygen is decomposed, 5.40 g of oxygen is obtained. What is the percent
composition of this compound?
KNOWNS
mass of compound = 13.60 g
mass of oxygen = 5.40 g O
mass of magnesium = 13.60 g – 5.40 g O = 8.20 g Mg
UNKNOWNS
percent by mass of Mg = ?% Mg
percent by mass of O = ?% O
 Sample Problem 10.9

Determine the percent by mass of Determine the percent by mass of O in

Mg in the compound. the compound.

mass of Mg × 100% mass of O × 100%

% Mg = %O=
mass of compound mass of compound

8.20 g 5.40 g
= × 100% = × 100%
13.60 g 13.60 g

= 60.3% Mg = 39.7% O
 CALCULATING PERCENT COMPOSITION FROM
MASS DATA
Practice Problem #1:
A compound is formed when 9.03 g Mg combines completely with 3.48 g N.
What is the percent composition of this compound?

mass of element
% by mass of element = × 100%
mass of compound
 CALCULATING PERCENT COMPOSITION FROM
MASS DATA
Practice Problem #2:
When a 14.2 g sample of mercury(II) oxide is decomposed into its elements
by heating, 13.2 g Hg is obtained. What is the percent composition of the
compound?
 Percent Composition from the Chemical
Formula
• You can also calculate the percent composition of a compound using its chemical formula.

• The subscripts in the formula are used to calculate the mass of

each element in a mole of that compound.
• Using the individual masses of the elements and the molar
mass, you can calculate the percent by mass of each element.

% by mass mass of element in 1 mol compound

= × 100%
of element molar mass of compound
 Sample Problem 10.10

CALCULATING PERCENT COMPOSITION FROM A

FORMULA

Propane (C3H8), the fuel commonly used in gas grills, is one of the compounds
obtained from petroleum. Calculate the percent composition of propane.

KNOWNS
mass of C in 1 mol C3H8 = 3 mol × 12.0 g/mol = 36.0 g
mass of H in 1 mol C3H8 = 8 mol × 1.0 g/mol = 8.0 g
molar mass of C3H8 = 36.0 g/mol + 8.0 g/mol = 44.0 g/mol
UNKNOWNS
percent by mass of C = ?% C
percent by mass of H = ?% H
 Sample Problem 10.10

Determine the percent by mass of Determine the percent by mass of H in

C in C3H8. C3H8.

mass of C in 1 mol C3H8 × 100% mass of H in 1 mol C3H8 × 100%

%C= %H=
molar mass of C3H8 molar mass of C3H8
36.0 g 8.0 g
= × 100% = × 100%
44.0 g 44.0 g

= 81.8% C = 18% H
 CALCULATING PERCENT COMPOSITION FROM A
FORMULA

Practice Problem #1
Calculate the percent by mass of nitrogen in these fertilizers
A. NH3
B. NH4NO3

% by mass mass of element in 1 mol compound

= × 100%
of element molar mass of compound
 CALCULATING PERCENT COMPOSITION FROM A
FORMULA

Practice Problem #2
Calculate the percent composition of these compounds.
A. Ethane (C2H6)
B. Sodium hydrogen sulfate (NaHSO4)

% by mass mass of element in 1 mol compound

= × 100%
of element molar mass of compound
 PERCENT COMPOSITION OF A
COMPOUND
Percent Composition as a Conversion Factor
You can use % composition to calculate the number of grams of any
element in a specific mass of a compound.

Example: Propane is 81.8% carbon and 18% hydrogen.

• You can use the following conversion factors to solve for the mass of carbon or
hydrogen contained in a specific amount of propane.

81.8 g C 18 g H
and
100 g C3H8 100 g C3H8
 Sample Problem 10.11

CALCULATING THE MASS OF AN

ELEMENT IN A COMPOUND USING
PERCENT COMPOSITION
Calculate the mass of carbon and the mass of hydrogen in 82.0 g of
propane (C3H8).

KNOWN UNKNOWNS
mass of C3H8 = 82.0 g mass of carbon = ? g C
mass of hydrogen = ? g H
 Sample Problem 10.11
Conversion
Factor

From Sample
81.8 g C 81.8 g C
Problem 10.10, the
percent by mass of C 100 g C3H8
: 82.0 g C3H8 ×
100 g C3H8
= 67.1 g C

in C3H8 is 81.8%.

Conversion
Factor
From Sample
Problem 10.10, the 18 g H 18 g H
percent by mass of H
100 g C3H8
: 82.0 g C3H8 ×
100 g C3H8
= 15 g H
in C3H8 is 18%.
 EMPIRICAL FORMULAS
• The empirical formula of a compound gives the lowest whole-number
ratio of the atoms or moles of the elements in a compound.

Empirical formula Molecular formula

HO H 2O 2
 EMPIRICAL FORMULAS
The percent composition of a compound can be used to calculate the
empirical formula of that compound.
Sample Problem 10.12

A compound is analyzed and found to contain 25.9% nitrogen and 74.1%

oxygen. What is the empirical formula of the compound?

KNOWNS Percent means “parts

percent by mass of N = 25.9% N
per 100,” so 100.0 g of
percent by mass of O = 74.1% O
the compound contains
UNKNOWN 25.9 g N and 74.1 g O.
empirical formula = N?O?
 Sample Problem 10.12

Step 1 Step 2
1 mol N 1.85 mol N = 1 mol N
25.9 g N × = 1.85 mol N
14.0 g N 1.85

1 mol O 4.63 mol O

74.1 g O × = 4.63 mol O = 2.50 mol O
16.0 g O 1.85
The mole ratio of N to O is N1.85O4.63. The mole ratio of N to O is N1O2.5.

1 mol N × 2 = 2 mol N
Step 3 2.5 mol O × 2 = 5 mol O
The empirical formula is N2O5.
 Sample Problem 10.13

Finding the Molecular Formula of a

Compound
Calculate the molecular formula of a compound whose molar mass is 60.0 g/mol
and empirical formula is CH4N.

KNOWNS UNKNOWN
empirical formula = CH4N molecular formula = C?H?N?
molar mass = 60.0 g/mol
 Sample Problem 10.13

Finding the Molecular Formula of a

Compound
1St : Calculate the
empirical formula
efm of CH4N = 12.0 g/mol + 4(1.0 g/mol) + 14.0 g/mol
mass. = 30.0 g/mol
2nd: Divide the
molar mass by the molar mass 60.0 g/mol = 2
empirical formula =
mass. efm 30.0 g/mol

3rd: Multiply the

formula subscripts (CH4N) × 2 = C2H8N2
by this value.