INTRODUCTIO

N TO ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY

PROPERTIES
HYBRIDIZATION
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
 WHAT IS ORGANIC CHEMISTRY?
• Organic chemistry is the study of the chemistry of carbon compounds.

• The compounds of carbon are the central substances of which all living
things on this planet are made
• Every living organism is made of organic chemicals

• The proteins that make up your hair, skin, and muscles; the DNA that
controls your genetic heritage; the foods that nourish you; and the
medicines that heal you are all organic chemicals.

Dr. Solomon Derese

a-sch_102_introduction_to_organic_chemistry.pdf (uonbi.ac.ke)
EXAMPLES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

CH4, Methane
(Chief constituent of natural gas)

Disaccharide
found in milk

Ibuprofen
Analgesic and anti-
inflammatory drug
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary
material in humans and almost all other organisms.
Although carbon is the principal element in organic compounds, most also contain
• Hydrogen
• Nitrogen
• Oxygen Saflufenacil (Herbicide)
• Phosphorous
• Sulfur
• halogens
 WHAT MAKES CARBON SPECIAL?
• As a group 4A element (at the center of the periodic
table), carbon can share four valence electrons and
form four strong covalent bonds.

• Furthermore, carbon atoms can bond to one another,

forming long chains and rings from the simplest
methane with one carbon complex molecules such as
DNA with more than 100 million carbons.

• Each arrangement corresponds to a different compound,

and has it own characteristic set of physical and
chemical properties.

Dr. Solomon Derese

a-sch_102_introduction_to_organic_chemistry.pdf (uonbi.ac.ke)
WHY IS CARBON CAPABLE OF FORMING 4 BONDS?
• the concept of mixing two atomic orbitals to give rise to a new
type of hybridized orbitals.
HYBRIDIZATION • This intermixing usually results in the formation of hybrid
orbitals having entirely different energies, shapes, etc.
 bond
unhybridized p
orbital
120 o
unhybridized
p orbital
 3 4 5

sp2 sp sp
1 sp2
2
sp 3
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
 - C
ALCOHO
L

hydroxyl group
ETHER

symmetrical nonsymmetrical
ether ether
ALDEHYDE AND
KETONE
 -COOH
CARBOXYLIC Carboxyl group
ACID
CARBOXYLIC ACID
DERIVATIVES
AMINE
THIO
L
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