Introduction to Wireless

Communication

Prof. Dr. Pardeep Kumar

 History of wireless communication
 Marconi invented the wireless telegraph in 1896
 Communication by encoding alphanumeric characters in
analog signal
 Sent telegraphic signals across the Atlantic Ocean
 1914 – first voice communication over radio waves
 Communications satellites launched in 1960s
 Advances in wireless technology
 Radio, television, mobile telephone, communication satellites
 More recently
 Satellite communications, wireless networking, cellular
technology, personal area networking
The Evolution
The Evolution
The Evolution
The Evolution
The Evolution
The Evolution
What is Wireless Communication ?
 Transmitting voice and data using electromagnetic
waves in open space (atmosphere)

Electromagnetic waves
 Travel at speed of light (c = 3x108 m/s)
 Has a frequency (f) and wavelength (l)
 c=fxl
 Higher frequency means higher energy photons
 The higher the energy photon the more penetrating is
the radiation
Radiation Penetrating
Types of wireless communication

celullar wireless computer network radio service

Electromagnetic Spectrum
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Radio Spectrum
Radio Spectrum
 Wavelength of Some Technologies
 GSM Phones:
 frequency ~= 900 Mhz
 wavelength ~= 33cm
 PCS Phones
 frequency ~= 1.8 Ghz
 wavelength ~= 17.5 cm
 Bluetooth:
 frequency ~= 2.4Gz
 wavelength ~= 12.5cm
Types of electromagnetic carriers
 when the distance between the sender and receiver is
short (e.g. TV box and a remote control) infrared
waves are used
 for long range distances between sender and receiver
(e.g. TV broadcasting and cellular service) both
microwaves and radio waves are used
 radio waves are ideal when large areas need to be coverd and
obstacles exist in the transmission path
 microwaves are good when large areas need to be coverd and
no obstacles exist in the transmission path
Wireless applications (services)
Wireless Milestones
Advantages and disadvantages of
wireless communication
 advantages:
 mobility
 a wireless communication network is a solution in areas where
cables are impossible to install (e.g. hazardous areas, long
distances etc.)
 easier to maintain
 disadvantages:
 has security vulnerabilities
 high costs for setting the infrastructure
 unlike wired comm., wireless comm. is influenced by physical
obstructions, climatic conditions, interference from other
wireless devices
Frequency Carries/Channels
 The information from sender to receiver is carrier
over a well-defined frequency band.
 This is called a channel
 Each channel has a fixed frequency bandwidth (in
KHz) and Capacity (bit-rate)
 Different frequency bands (channels) can be used to
transmit information in parallel and independently.
Example
 Assume a spectrum of 90KHz is allocated over a base frequency b
 Assume there are 3 channels, each channel occupies 30KHz.
 Each channel is simplex (Transmission occurs in one way)
 For full duplex communication:
 Use two different channels (front and reverse channels)
 Use time division in a channel

Channel 1 (b - b+30)

Station A Channel 2 (b+30 - b+60) Station B

Channel 3 (b+60 - b+90)

Radio waves generation
 when a high-frequency alternating current (AC)
passes through a copper conductor it generates
radio waves which are propagated into the air
using an antenna
Radio propagation
 Radio propagation
 radio waves are generated by an antenna and they
propagate in all directions as a straight line
 radio waves travel at a velocity of 186.000 miles per
second
 They become weaker as they travel a long distance
Radio propagation
 there are 3 modes of propagation:
 surface mode – for low frequency waves
 direct mode – for high frequency waves
 ionospheric mode – long distance high frequency waves
Radio propagation
Diffraction
 Diffraction is when
waves bend around the
corner of an obstacle.
 Radio waves with l
of kilometers diffract
over hills so you can
easily get reception.
 But microwaves with l
of centimeters tend to
go straight.
Layers of Earth's
Atmosphere
Layers of Earth's
Atmosphere
 The troposphere contains half of the Earth's
atmosphere. Weather occurs in this layer. 
 Many jet aircrafts fly in the stratosphere because it is
very stable. Also, the ozone layer absorbs harmful rays
from the Sun.
 Meteors or rock fragments burn up in the mesosphere.
 The thermosphere is a layer with auroras. It is also
where the space shuttle orbits. 
 The atmosphere merges into space in the extremely thin
exosphere. This is the upper limit of our atmosphere.
Atmospheric Layers
Aurora
Modulation
 Signals are transmitted between a transmitter over some form
of transmission medium. But normally signals are not in the
form that is suitable for transmission and need to be
transformed
 Bandwidth requirement
 Signals multiplexing
 Complexity of transmission system
 Preventing noise, interference, attenuation
 Modulation is a scheme under which the signal is first modified
to suitable form and mixed with the carrier for transmission.
 A process of impressing (applying) a low frequency information
signals to onto a relatively high frequency carrier signal
Modulation
Why Modulation is necessary?
 To transfer the message signal from one site another site
over a long distance without any interference and loss
 Low frequency signals can't be transmitted for long
distance. That's why we are modulating the information
signals to increase their range
 Need of bandwidth: suppose many people are talking at the
same time, we just can't make out the difference who is
talking what, so bandwidth is provided to each wave and it
is done over high frequency to save the quality of signal
 Multiplexing is possible with modulation
 It improves the quality of reception
Why Modulation is necessary?
 Height of antenna: when we want to transmit electrical
signal over an antenna, through free space, it must be
converted into electro-magnetic waves.
 For better transmission, the height of antenna should be
quarter half of the wavelength of wave to be transmitted.
 For an electric signal of 3 kHz (voice frequency)to be
transmitted over an antenna, we need height of antenna
equal to 100 km! This is practically impossible!
Frequency Modulation (FM).
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Modulation Methods
Radio frequency interference
Radio signal attenuation (path loss)