General chemistry

QUARTER IV: LESSON 3 - 4

 Table
Of
Contents
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 Table
Of
Hess’s Law Bond En

Contents First Law of

Thermodynamics
 Table
Of Calorimetr

Contents
First Law of Bond Energies
Thermodynamics
Hess’s Law
 Table
Of
Contents
st Law of
modynamics Hess’s Law Calorimetry
Bond Energies
 Table
Of
Contents
Hess’s Law
Bond Energies
Calorimetry

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#1 WHAT IS THE FIRST LAW
OF THERMODYNAMICS
“Energy cannot be created nor destroyed
but can be transferred from one
form to another.”
#2 WHAT IS THE FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
Also known as the law of conservation of
energy, where it studies the energy and its
relationship to work.
#3 WHAT IS THE FIRST LAW
OF THERMODYNAMICS
The total amount of energy before and after
the process is the same, although the energy
may be in a different form.
 #4 WHAT IS THE FIRST LAW
OF THERMODYNAMICS
A system refers to a defined region of space,
while surroundings are everything outside the
system.
 The equation , where is the
change in internal energy of a
system, is the heat added to or
extracted from the system, and
is the work done on or by the
system.
Example #1
Suppose a chemistry experiment involves
the mixing of two chemicals that produce heat as Using the equation , we can calculate the
a result of the reaction. During the experiment, change in energy of the system as:
the system absorbs of heat and does of work on
the surroundings.

This means that the energy of the system

Since the system in this instance absorbed
has increased by .
heat from the surroundings, its value is positive.
On the other hand, knowing that the task was
done on the environment indicates that a system
was used to complete it. The value of work will
be negative in this case.
Example #2
A piston compresses a cylinder of gas doing of work on the gas. During this compression
the gas gained of energy to its surroundings. What is the net change for the internal energy of the
gas during this process?
Since the work was done on the system, its value is positive. The system gained energy from
its surroundings, resulting in a positive net value.

Using the equation , we can calculate the change in energy of the system as:

This means that the net change of the gas during the process in .
Example #3
A cylinder of gas is compressed by a piston, which does 3.5KJ of work on the gas. 4.7KJ
of heat are also transferred to the gas. How much internal energy did the gas gain or lose?

Using the equation , we can calculate the change in energy of the system as:

This means that the internal energy increased by .

Example #4
While 50 cal of energy are transferred out of a container of air, 20 cal of work are
done on the air inside the container. By how much does the internal energy of the air inside
the container change?

Using the equation , we can calculate the change in energy of the system as:

This means that the internal energy of the air inside the container is .
Example # 5
As gas expands, which does 420J of work to the outside system. 920J of energy are
transferred by the gas to the outside system during this expansion. How much internal energy
did the gas gain or lose?

Using the equation , we can calculate the change in energy of the system as:

This means that the internal energy decreased by

 Hess’s Law

DYK?
A Russian chemist and physician Germain Hess has been
recognized by having his law named after him, Hess’s Law. The
early principles of thermochemistry were developed primarily
because of Hess. His thermochemistry law was a component of
his most notable paper, which was first released in 1840. Hess's
law is an outcome of the simple fact that enthalpy (a
thermodynamic measurement corresponding to the system's
overall heat content) is a state function, which enables us to
assess the overall variation (total change) in enthalpy by merely
adding up the changes for each process until the final result
becomes apparent.
 Example #1
Calculate for the following reaction:

STEP I

Manipulate given equations to most closely resemblance equation of interest. Perform

some “operation” on as on equation.
1.
2.
 STEP I

Manipulate given equations to most closely resemblance equation of interest. Perfo

some “operation” on as on equation.
1.
2.

STEP II

Add new reactions together.

1.
2.
 STEP II

Add new reactions together.

1.
2.

STEP III

Cancel out any compounds that are the same on both sides of the reaction arrow.
1.
2.
 STEP III

Cancel out any compounds that are the same on both sides of the reaction arrow.
1.
2.

STEP IV

Write a new equation and double check to make sure it matches the equations of interest.

1. 2H2O→2H2+O2 ΔH=572kJ
2. 2H2+2F2→4HF ΔH=-1084kJ
2F2+2H2O→4HF+O2 ΔHf=-
512kJ
STEP IV

Write a new equation and double check to make sure it matches the equations o

1. 2H2O→2H2+O2 ΔH=572kJ
2. 2H2+2F2→4HF ΔH=-1084kJ
2F2+2H2O→4HF+O2 ΔHf=-
512kJ

Let’s have
another
example!
 Step 1: Manipulate given equations to
Example #2 most closely resemblance equation of
interest. Perform some “operation” on
Calculate for the following reaction: ΔH as on equation.

1. 2NH3→N2+3H2 {×2} ΔH=92

2. 2H2O→2H2+O2 {×3R} ΔH=572
3. N2+O2→2NO {×2} ΔH=-180

ΔHf = ?
 Step 3: Cancel out any compounds that are the
same on both sides of the reaction arrow.
1.
Step 2: Add new reactions together. 2.
3.
1. 4NH3→2N2+6H2 ΔH=184
2. 6H2 +3O2→6H2O ΔH=-1716
3. 2N2+2O2→4NO ΔH=-360

ΔH=-1892
Step 4: Write a new equation and double
check to make sure it matches the equations of
interest.
I hope you
1. learned a lot
2.
3.
about Hess’s
Law!
OND E
N
BOND ERGY
E N
BOND ERGY
E N
BOND ERGY
E
BOND NERGY WHA
E
BOND ERGYN
BOND E NE RGT?
E N Y
BOND ERGY
EN
 • Bond energy is the measure of bond strength.

• Bond energy is a measure of a chemical bond ‘s strength, meaning

that it tells us how likely a pair of atoms is to remain bonded in the
energy presence of energy perturbations.

• Bond energy is determined by measuring the heat required to break

one mole of molecules into their individual atoms, and it represents
bond

the average energy associated with breaking the individual bonds of a

molecule.

• The bond energy formula is:

(bonds broken) − (bonds formed)
cALORIMETR
Y
cALORIMETRY
A technique that we can use to measure the
amount of heat involved in a chemical or
physical process.

It used to measure the amounts of heat

transferred to or from a substance.
cALORIMETRY

Different Types of
CALORIMETRY
1.Bomb Calorimeter

 A bomb calorimeter is used to measure the heat of combustion of a

substance. This type of calorimeter is often used in thermodynamics. It
consists of a strong metal container (the bomb) that is filled with a
measured amount of the sample and oxygen. The bomb is then placed
inside the calorimeter, which is filled with water. The sample is ignited, and
the heat produced is transferred to the water. The rise in temperature of the
water is measured, and the heat of combustion is calculated.
1.Bomb Calorimeter

2.
A Differential Scanning
bomb calorimeter is used Calorimeter (DSC)
to measure the heat of combustion of a
substance. This type of calorimeter is often used in thermodynamics. It
 Differential
consists of Scanning
a strong Calorimeter (DSC)(the
metal container is used
bomb)to that
measure the heat
is filled withofa
transition
measuredofamount
a substance.
of theThis
sampletypeand
of calorimeter
oxygen. The measures
bomb is thethendifference
placed
in the amount
inside of heat required
the calorimeter, which istofilled
increase
withthe temperature
water. The sampleof a issample andand
ignited, a
reference material as
the heat produced is atransferred
function oftotemperature.
the water. The rise in temperature of the
water is measured, and the heat of combustion is calculated.
1.Bomb Calorimeter

2.
A Differential
3.
bombIsothermalScanning
calorimeter used Calorimeter
Calorimeter
is (DSC)
to measure the heat of combustion of a
substance. This type of calorimeter is often used in thermodynamics. It
 Differentialof Scanning
 Isothermal
consists a strong Calorimeterused(DSC)
metal iscontainer
Calorimeter is used
(the
to measure thetoheat
bomb) measure
that the
is filled
evolved or heat
withofa
transition
measured ofamount
absorbeda substance.
in of theThis
a chemical type
sample of calorimeter
and
reaction oxygen. measures
The
that occurs bomb thethen
is
at constant difference
placed
in the temperature.
insideamount of heatThis
the calorimeter, required
typeistoof
which increase
filled withthe
calorimeter temperature
water. The sample
measures ofthe
a issample andand
ignited,
heat a
reference
the heat material
produced
evolved as
is atransferred
or absorbedfunction oftotemperature.
as a functionthe water.
of time. The rise in temperature of the
water is measured, and the heat of combustion is calculated.
 Parts and
Functions of a
Bomb
Calorimeter
 Ignition Wire

- The ignition wire is used to ignite the

sample in the bomb.
- The Oxygen Filling Valve is used to
fill the bomb with oxygen.

Oxygen Filling Valve

 Water Jacket

- The water jacket surrounds the bomb

and is used to maintain a constant
temperature inside the calorimeter
during the experiment.
Thermometer
- The thermometer is used to measure the
temperature change during the reaction. It is
usually placed inside the water jacket and is
in contact with the water.
Stirrer

- The stirrer is used to ensure

that the heat generated during
the reaction is evenly
distributed throughout the
water. This is important as it
helps in obtaining accurate
results.
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