Report in Systematics FINAL

TOPIC CONTENT MONERA PROTISTA FUNGI REFERENCES
DIVERSITY OF LIFE:
Kingdom Systems
Monera
Protista
Fungi
GROUP MEMBERS:
CEZAR, JHERSON
DE GUZMAN, RAJAH
EVASCO, CHRISTINE JOY
MANUEL, MA. ANDREA F.
MARCAIDA, AIRA M.
CONTENTS
:
I. KINGDOM MONERA II. KINGDOM PROTISTA III. KINGDOM FUNGI
A. Introduction A. Introduction A. Introduction
B. Characteristics B. Fun Fact B. Fun Fact
C. Bacterial Shapes C. Diversity of Protists C. Characteristics
D. Classification D. Protist Clade D. Classification
E. Structure
MONERA PROTISTA FUNGI REFERENCES
TOPIC CONTENT
Kingdom Monera
INTRODUCTION
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Monera
INTRODUCTION
• The word Monera came from the Greek word monḗrēs "single", "solitary".
• The structure and reproductive cycles of the Monerans are relatively simple
compared to those of the eukaryotes.
• The members of the kingdom Monera are ubiquitous in nature.
• They are generally found in damp environments such as hot springs, snow,
deep oceans, or as parasites.
Characteristics of Monera
• The Monerans are unicellular organisms.
CHARACTERISTICS • The DNA is naked and is not bound by a nuclear membrane.
• It lacks organelles like mitochondria, lysosomes, plastids, Golgi
bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, centrosome, etc.
CHARACTERISTICS
They reproduce asexually by highly binary

fission and budding
•The cell wall is rigid and made up of peptidoglycan.

•Flagellum serves as the locomotory organ.
CHARACTERISTICS
•They show different modes of nutrition such as
autotrophic, parasitic, heterotrophic, or saprophytic.
Bacterial Shapes
Bacteria possess the following different shapes:
• Cocci- Bacteria are spherical or oval. These can be micrococcus (single),
diplococcus (in pairs), tetracoccus (in fours), streptococcus (in chains), and
CHARACTERISTICS staphylococcus (in clusters like grapes)
• Bacilli- These are rod-shaped bacteria with or without flagella.
• Vibrios- These are comma or kidney-shaped small bacteria with flagella at
one end.
• Spirillum- These are spiral or coiled shaped. They are rigid forms due to the
spiral structure and bear flagella at one or both the ends.
CHARACTERISTICS
Archaebacteria (Extremophiles)
- These are the most ancient bacteria found in the most extreme habitats.
• Thermophiles - Bacteria thriving in hot temperatures between
temperatures of 41°C and 70°C. (Thermus aquaticus)
CLASSIFICATION • Psychrophiles - microorganisms that survive in extremely cold

temperatures of 15°C or lower. (Chryseobacterium greenlandensis)
• Halophiles - microorganisms that thrive in extreme environments of high-

salt concentrations. (Halobacterium halobium)
CLASSIFICATION
Thermus aquaticus Chryseobacterium greenlandensis

CLASSIFICATION
Halobacterium halobium
Eubacteria
• Bacteria live in normal conditions.
• The cell wall is rigid and made up
of peptidoglycans.
• It moves with the help of flagella.
CLASSIFICATION
• The modes of nutrition are both
auto- and heterotrophic.
Cyanobacteria
• These bacteria are photosynthetic in
nature.
• They contain chlorophyll,
CLASSIFICATION carotenoids and phycobilin.
• They are found in the aquatic region.
• The mode of nutrition is autotrophic
•Capsule- a slimy capsule that is present

outside the cell wall.
•Cytoplasm- It contains 80% water, protein,
carbohydrate, lipid, organic ions, etc. It is a
gel- like that acts as a buffer to prevent
organelles from bumping or colliding.
•Cell Wall- All bacterial cells are covered by a
strong, rigid cell wall.
•Ribosomes- used to synthesis protein.
•Plasma Membrane- It is also the site of
some respiratory enzymes.
STRUCTURE
•Plasmid- In addition to the normal DNA

chromosomes, many bacteria have
extrachromosomal genetic elements or DNA.
These are small, circular, self-replicating
extrachromosomal DNA, having few genes.
•Pili- hair-like appendages found on many
archaea and bacteria.
•Flagellum- it is a long, filamentous appendage
consisting of filament, hook, and basal body.
These help bacteria to swim about in the liquid
medium.
STRUCTURE
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Protista
INTRODUCTION
• The word protista came from the Greek word "protist" meaning "the very
first".
• Ernst Haeckel, a naturalist of German descent, was the one who first
introduced the idea of the kingdom Protista in the year 1866.
• Protists are an informal group of organisms. It consists of those that are
not bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. However, they share some
characteristics of those organisms.
• All protists are eukaryotic organisms
• They have a membrane-enclosed nuclei and organelles.
Diversity of Protists
Protists vary in terms of their:
• Body Plan
a. Unicellular - a single cell forming a complete organism capable of
performing all the functions of life.
b. Colonial - loosely connected groups of cell
c. Coenocytes - multinucleate mass of cytoplasm
CHARACTERISTICS
d. Multicellular - composed of many cells. Most protists have relatively simple
body forms without specialized tissues.
• Method of Motility
a. Pseudopodia - pushes out cytoplasmic extensions along the leading edge
and retracting the cytoplasm that trails behind
b. Cilia - hair-like organelles that waves for propulsion

c. Flagella - long whip-like organelles
• Nutrition Type
a. Autotrophic - capable of making their own food.
b. Heterotrophic - rely on their surroundings for food sources.
• Habitat
a. Aquatic - oceans, lakes, freshwaters, etc.
b. Terrestrial - damp places such as soil, cracks, in barks, leaf litter, etc.
CHARACTERISTICS
• Reproduction
a. Sexual reproduction
b. Asexual reproduction
Classification
Protists are classified into five "supergroups" together with the other eukaryotes.
CLASSIFICATION
A. EXCAVATES
• unicellular protists that have a deep or excavated oral groove; bikonts
• have atypical, greatly modified mitochondria, semi-functional or none
• have two or more flagella
• endosymbionts; live in anoxic environments
• include diplomonads, parabasalids, euglenoids, and trypanosomes
CLASSIFICATION
a. DIPLOMONADS
- have one or two nuclei
- no functional mitochondria
- no Golgi complex
- has up to eight flagella
• Giardia intestinalis is a
diplomonad. It is the
major cause of water-
borne diarrhea in the
CLASSIFICATION world
Trychomonas vaginlis b. PARABASALIDS

- anaerobic endosymbionts and flagellated
excavates that often live in animals
• Trychonymphs have hundreds of flagella that
live in the guts of termites and wood-eating
cockroaches.
• Trichomonads are also parabasalids.
Trychomonas vaginalis can cause
trychomoniasis, a curable sexually
transmitted disease (STD) in humans.
CLASSIFICATION
Trychonymphs
c. EUGLENOIDS AND
TRYPANOSOMES
- euglenoids and trypanosomes are free-living
species and parasites
- have 9+2 arrangement of microtubules
- have a crystalline rod in their flagella and have
atypical mitochondria
- Most euglenoids are unicellular flagellates and
one-third of them are photosynthetic.
CLASSIFICATION
c. EUGLENOIDS AND TRYPANOSOMES

- They have two flagella; one is long and whiplike while the other is
shorter.
- Some are colorless and heterotrophic
- Trypanosomes are Excavates with a single mitochondrion that has an
organized deposit of DNA called kinetoplastid
- colorless, parasitic, and pathogenic
CLASSIFICATION
- live in blood
c. EUGLENOIDS AND TRYPANOSOMES

- Trypanosoma brucei is a human
parasite that causes African sleeping
sickness. It is transmitted by the bite of
infected tsetse flies. Trypanosoma brucei
- Euglena are euglenoids that change
shape continually as they move through
the water because their pellicle is
flexible.
CLASSIFICATION
Euglena
B. CHROMALVEOLATES
• Diverse protists that may have originated as a result of secondary
endosymbiosis in which an ancestral cell engulfed a red alga; bikonts
• Most are photosynthetic and some are heterotrophic
• Include alveolates and stramenopiles
CLASSIFICATION
a. ALVEOLATES
- This includes protists that have unifying features such as ribosomal DNA
sequence and an alveoli.
- Include dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates
CLASSIFICATION
• Dinoflagellates
- Generally unicellular, few are colonial
- Alveoli contain interlocking cellulose plates
impregnated with silicates
- Has two flagella
- The name is derived from the Greek word
dinos, meaning whirling.
- Many are autotrophic, some are heterotrophic,
and others are endosymbionts called
CLASSIFICATION zooxanthellae
• Dinoflagellates
- Can occasionally make population blooms or explosion known as red tides
CLASSIFICATION
• Apicomplexans
- Parasitic, pathogenic, and spore-forming alveolates
- They contain an unpigmented remnant of a chloroplast from a red alga
- Lacks specific organelle for locomotion and move by flexing
- Have apical complex of microtubules
- can form a structure called moving junction as they invade a host cell
-At some stage in their life cycle, they produce sporozoites
- Malaria is caused by apicomplexans, Plasmodium. Its causative agent and
mode of transmission is by means of Anopheles mosquito bites.
CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION
Malaria
• Ciliates
- Use cilia for locomotion
- Unicellular alveolates that have a pellicle
- In Paramecium, the surface of the cell is covered
with several thousand fine, shor, hair-like cilia
which facilitate movement.
- The cilia beat with precise coordination
- Not all ciliates are motile
- Have two kinds of nuclei: one or more small
micronuclei and a larger macronuclei
CLASSIFICATION
- Can perform conjugation
b. STRAMENOPHILES
- Include water molds, diatoms, brown algae, and
golden algae
• Water Molds
- Have a body called mycelium that is
composed of hyphae
- The cell walls are composed of cellulose,
chitin, or both
- Can reproduce asexually and sexually
CLASSIFICATION
Water Molds
• Diatoms
- Unicellular or colonial
- Their cell wall consists of two shells that
overlap where they fit together
- Two basic groups: Radial symmetry and
Bilateral symmetry
- Reproduce asexually by mitosis
- Common in freshwater but are abundant in
cool ocean water
CLASSIFICATION
- Ecologically important as major producers in
aquatic ecosystems
- Largest and most complex algae; commonly called as

• Brown Algae seaweeds
- Multicellular; body forms include filamentous, tufts, fleshy
"ropes", and thick flattened branches
- Kelp is the largest brown algae. It is tough and leathery in
appearance.
- Have a life cycle that exhibit alternation of generations
- They are commercially important for their algin that is used
as a thickening and stabilizing agent in ice cream, toothpaste,
shaving cream, hair spray and hand lotion. Further, they are
edible and are a good source of iodine.
CLASSIFICATION
• Golden Algae
- Unicellular biflagellates
- Found in freshwater and marine environments
- Few lack flagella; similar to amoeba in
appearance
- Undergoes asexual reproduction that involves
the production of zoospores
- Photosynthetic; has a pigment composition of
gold or golden brown
- Important producers in marine environment
CLASSIFICATION
C. RHIZARIANS
• Diverse supergroup of amoeboid cells that have
hard outer shell called tests, through which
cytoplasmic projections extend.
• The thread-like cytoplasmic projection suggests
the name rhizarian, from the Greek word rhiza,
meaning "root"
• Bikonts
• Include forams and actinopods
CLASSIFICATION
a. FORAMS
- Almost all foraminiferans (forams) are
marine rhizarians
- The cytoplasmic projection form a sticky
interconnected net that entangles prey
- Many forams unicellular algal
endosymbionts, many live on the ocean floor,
and many are part of the plankton
CLASSIFICATION
b. ACTINOPODS
- Have long filamentous cytoplasmic
projection called axopods
- Preys get entangled in axopods and are
engulfed after
- Some actinopods called radiolarians
secrete elaborate beautiful glassy shells
made of silica
CLASSIFICATION
D. ARCHAEPLASTIDA
• Include red and green algae
• Grouped together based on molecular data and on the presence of
chloroplast
• Bikonts
CLASSIFICATION
a. RED ALGAE
- Multicellular organisms
- Do not produce motile cells
- The body consists of complex, interwoven filaments that are delicate and
feathery
- Most attach to rocks and other substrates by a basal hold-fast
- Reproduction include alternation of sexual and asexual stages
CLASSIFICATION
a. RED ALGAE
- Primarily live in warm tropical ocean waters
- The coralline red algae build "coral" reefs
- Agar is a polysaccharide extracted from certain red algae that is used as a
food thickener and culture medium
- Carrageenan is a food additive used to stabilize chocolate milk, paints, and
cosmetics
- Red algae is edible and a good source of vitamins A and C
CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION
Red Algae
b. GREEN ALGAE
- Have pigments, energy reserve products, and cell
walls that are chemically identical to those of land
plants
- Photosynthetic; have cell walls made up of
cellulose
- Exhibit all body forms
CLASSIFICATION
b. GREEN ALGAE
- Multicellular green algae do not have cells that
differentiated into tissue
- Most produce flagellated cells during their life
cycle but few are totally nonmotile.
- Reproduction varies in their body forms: some
are asexual, and others are sexual
- Found in both aquatic and terrestrial
environments
CLASSIFICATION
E. UNIKONTS
• Had a common ancestor with a single posterior flagellum (unikonts)
• Composed of amoebas, plasmodial slime molds, choanoflagellates,
cellular slime molds, animals and fungi
• Have a single centriole
• Has triple-gene fusion
CLASSIFICATION
a. AMOEBOZOA
- Produce temporary cytoplasmic projections called pseudopodia
- Pseudopodia of amoebozoa are lobose
- Amoebas move by pseudopodia. They are unicellular amoebozoa and are
asymmetrical in body form. The word amoeba is derived from the Greek
word meaning "change." They use pseudopodia in engulfing food.
Amoebae reproduce asexually.
CLASSIFICATION
a. AMOEBOZOA
- Entamoeba histolytica is a parasitic
amoeba that can cause amoebic
dysentery. It is transmitted as a cyst in
contaminated drinking water.
- Acanthamoeba are free-living Entamoeba histolytica
amoeba that can cause opportunistic
infections such as eye infections in
wearers of contact lenses.
CLASSIFICATION
Acanthamoeba
b. PLASMODIAL SLIME MOLDS
- The feeding stage is a plasmodium

- The slimy plasmodium often form a network of
channels that covers a large surface areas
• Physarum polycephalum is a model
organism that researchers use to study many
fundamental biological processes
CLASSIFICATION
c. CELLULAR SLIME MOLDS

- Feed as individual amoeboid cells that behaves
as a separate solitary organism
- Has a haploid nucleus and reproduce by
mitosis
- Their life cycle lacks a flagellate stage
• Dictyostelium discoideum is a model
organism for the study of cell
differentiation, cell communication, and
CLASSIFICATION
cell motility and adhesion.
d. CHOANOFLAGELLATES
- Closely related to animals
- Found in both freshwater and marine
environments
- Include both free-swimming and sessile
species
- Has a single flagellum surrounded by a
collar
- Resemble the collar cells in sponges
CLASSIFICATION
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Fungi (True Fungi)

INTRODUCTION

The Fascinating World

of Fungi
Kingdom Fungi
INTRODUCTION
Kingdom Fungi
INTRODUCTION
- Neither plant or animal
- Kingdom fungi
- Domain Eukarya
- Some fungi are mycorrhizal
Mycelium
- Dense fungal network

Kingdom Fungi
INTRODUCTION
Leucoagaricus gongylophorus
- Uses chemical signals to employ leaf cutter ants.

- Produces miniscule ant-sized mushrooms to feed the ants.
Kingdom Fungi
INTRODUCTION
Cordyceps
- Can infiltrate their insect host
by forcing them to climb on
high areas and bursting out of
their bodies.
Kingdom Fungi
INTRODUCTION
- Some species of fungi is highly toxic that can affect humans.
- Like an ergot fungus that grows on wheat.
- In some cases, they are also a valuable resource in terms of medicine
and foods.
- Some fungi have been used to clean up oil spills.
Kingdom Fungi
INTRODUCTION
- An itaconic acid derived from a fungus is used to make lego.
- Mycelium can be used to make clothes.
- Moreover, fungi is essential to a healthy soil and trapping carbon
dioxide into the soil, preventing it into the atmosphere.
Characteristics
- eukaryotes
- heterotrophs
- saprophytes
CHARACTERISTICS
- have cell walls containing chitin
- can be unicellular (yeasts) and multicellular (molds)
- reproduce sexually and asexually
FUNGUS BODY PLAN
• Fruiting bodies- contain spores which are

dispersed for reproduction
• Hyphae (sing.hypha)- a long, branched,
threadlike filaments used by fungi to absorb
nutrients
CHARACTERISTICS• Mycelium- a tangled mass of hyphae
formed as the hyphae grow
• Septa- cross walls of a hypha which
separates each cell with one or more nuclei
• Coenocytic hypha- a hypha that lacks septa

- Coenocytes are fungi with no septa in their hypha.
• Septate hypha- a hypha which contains septa
CHARACTERISTICS
FUNGAL REPRODUCTION
Most fungi reproduce by means of microscopic spores, reproductive cells that can
develop into new organism. In most groups, they are nonmotile. They are dispersed
by wind, water or animals. When a spore germinates, it gives rise to hypha which then
develops into a mycelium.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Unicellular fungi such as yeast, reproduce asexually through budding. It is
primarily by forming buds that pinch off from the parent cell.
CHARACTERISTICS
Furthermore, multicellular fungi reproduce asexually as well. It is through the
asexual spores called conidia. These spores are produced by mitosis and then
released into the air or water from a specialized hyphae called conidiophores.
Sexual Reproduction
- consists of three sequential
stages: plasmogamy, karyogamy
and meiosis.
• Plasmogamy- the fusion of
cytoplasm
CHARACTERISTICS
• Karyogamy- fusion of nucleus
• Meiosis- cell division
Sexual Reproduction
Fungi communicate chemically by secreting signal molecules called
pheromones.
1. Spores germinate and form mycelium by mitosis.
2. Mycelia of two different mating types fuse at their tips and plasmogamy
occurs.
3. Dikaryotic (n + n) mycelium develops.
4. Karyogamy occurs forming a diploid (2n) zygote nucleus.
5. Meiosis results in four genetically different haploid nuclei. Spores
CLASSIFICATION develop around nuclei.
6. Spores are released.
Classification
• In 1696, R.H Whittaker proposed that fungi must be separated and become a
different kingdom.
• Fungi belong to the supergroup Unikonta and under the clade Opisthokonta.
• Fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants.
Mycologists classified fungi into five phyla: Chytridiomycota,

Zygomycota, Glomeromycota, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota.
CLASSIFICATION
DEUTEROMYCOTA
- a polyphyletic group lumped together as a matter of convenience
- no sexual stage had been observed at any point during their life cycle
- reproduce by only means of asexual pores
- most are reassigned to phylum Ascomycota, and few have been reassigned
to phylum Basidiomycota
CLASSIFICATION
PHYLUM
CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA:
CHYTRIDS
- class: Chytridiomycetes
- earliest fungal group to evolve
- small, relatively simple fungi found in
ponds, salt water and damp soils
- mostly are decomposers and few are
CLASSIFICATION parasites
Allomyces arbuscula
PHYLUM CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA:
CHYTRIDS
- most are unicellular and composed of a
few cells that form a simple body called
thallus which contains rhizoids- slender
extensions- that anchor it to the food
source and absorb it.
- only fungi that have a flagellate cell and
their spores bear a single posterior
flagellum
CLASSIFICATION
- they have flagellate gametes
Allomyces arbuscula
Life Cycle of Allomyces arbuscula
1. Haploid zoospore grows into

haploid thallus.
2. Haploid thallus produces two
types of gametes by mitosis.
3. Gametes fuse, and their nuclei d
fuse producing flagellate zygote.
4. Zygote germinates and develops
into diploid thallus.
CLASSIFICATION
Life Cycle of Allomyces arbuscula
5a. Zoosporangia produce flagellate

diploid zoospores by mitosis.
Zoospores give rise to new diploid
thalli. (Asexual Reproduction)
5b. Meiosis occurs in resting d
sporangia.
6. Haploid zoospores are produced
by meiosis.
CLASSIFICATION
PHYLUM ZYCOMYCOTA: The Conjugated Fungi

- class Zygomycetes
- most are decomposers that live in the soil on decaying plant or
animal matter
- some form symbiotic relationship with plant roots
- few cause diseases to animal, plants and humans
- their hyphae are coenocytic
- during sexual reproduction, zygomycetes produce sexual spores,
CLASSIFICATION called zygospores typically produced in spore sacs called
zygosporangia
Life Cycle of Rhizopus stolonifer

1. Spores germinate and produce
haploid mycelia.
2a. In asexual reproduction, certain
hyphae form sporangia in which
clusters of black, asexual, haploid
spores develop. When released, they
give rise to new hyphae.
2b. Hyphae (+) and (-) mating types
grow toward one another.
CLASSIFICATION
Life Cycle of Rhizopus stolonifer

3. When (+) and (-) hyphae meet, they form
gametangia.
4. Plasmogamy occurs as gametangia fuse.
5. Karyogamy occurs with nuclei fusing to
form diploid zygote.
6. Zygospore develops from zygote; it is
encased by thick-walled, black
zygosporangium.
7. Meiosis occurs, and zygospore
CLASSIFICATION
germinates; hypha develops sporangium at
its tip.
MICROSPORIDIA
- small unicellular parasites that infect
eukaryotic cells
- opportunistic pathogens that infect animals
- recent genome studies suggest that it
descended from a zygomycetes ancestor
CLASSIFICATION
PHYLUM GLOMEROMYCOTA
- class Glomeromycetes
- have coenocytic hyphae
- reproduce asexually with large, multinucleate spores called blastopores
- symbionts that form intracellular associations with roots of most trees and
herbaceous plants
- if a plant grows in phosphate- deficient soil and has a limited root system:
mutualism
CLASSIFICATION - if a plant in a phosphate- rich soil and well- developed root system;
parasitism
• Mycorrhizae- symbiotic relationship between the hyphae of certain fungi and

the roots of plants
• Endomycorrhizal fungi- Glomeromycetes extend their hyphae through the cell
walls of root cells but often may jot penetrate the plasma membrane.
• Arbuscular mycorrhizae
- most widespread mycorrhizzae
- the hyphae inside the root cells are branched and have a tree-shaped
structure, known as arbuscules
CLASSIFICATION - arbuscules are the sites of nutrient exchange between the plant and the
fungus
PHYLUM ASCOMYCOTA: THE SAC FUNGI

- class: Ascomycetes
- include most yeasts; the powdery mildews; most of the blue-green, pink and
brown molds that cause food to spoil; decomposer cup fungi and edible morels
and truffles
- used to flavor cheese, to bake bread and ferment alcohol
- used to produce antibiotics and served as a valuable model organisms for
studying cellular processes such as protein synthesis
CLASSIFICATION
- can reproduce either sexually or asexually
Sexual Reproduction
- have a septate and perforated hyphae so the cytoplasm is continuous from
one cell compartment to another
- also referred to as sac fungi because their sexual spores are produced in
microscopic sacs called asci
Asexual Reproduction
- involved the production of spores called conidia produced at the tip of
specialized hyphae known as conidiophores
CLASSIFICATION
Life Cycle of Ascomycetes

1. Haploid mycelia of opposite mating types both produce coenocytic
sexual hyphae.
2. Plasmogamy occurs as hyphae of the two mating types fuse and nuclei
are exchanged.
3. Dikaryotic hyphae form and produce asci.
4. Hyphae form an ascocarp.
5. Karyogamy occurs in each ascus. Two haploid nuclei fuse, forming a
CLASSIFICATION
diploid zygote nucleus.
6. Meiosis occurs forming fur haploid nuclei.
Life Cycle of Ascomycetes

7. Mitosis produces eight haploid nuclei.
8. Each nucleus becomes incorporated into an
ascospore.
9. When released, ascospores germinate and
form new haploid mycelia.
10. In asexual reproduction, hyphae produce
haploid conidia that can develop into new
mycelia.
CLASSIFICATION
PHYLUM BASIDIOMYCOTA: The Club Fungi

- class: Basidiomycetes
- include the largest and most familiar of the fungi; the mushrooms, bracket
fungi and puffballs
- many are decomposers, some cause economic loss, certain species form
mycorrhizae and few cause human disease
- asexual reproduction is less observed in this phylum
CLASSIFICATION
Sexual Reproduction
- basidia; microscopic club-shaped comparable in function to the asci
- basidiospores; produced when a basidium undergoes meiosis
Agaricus brunnuscens
- commonly cultivated mushroom that consists of a mass of white,
branching, threadlike hyphae that live mostly underground
CLASSIFICATION
Life Cycle of Basidiomycota

1. Basidiospores germinate and form primary
mycelia.
2. Plasmogamy of primary mycelia occurs with
the fusion of two hyphae of different mating
types.
3. Fast- growing secondary mycelium is
produced, composed of dikaryotic hyphae.
4. Basidiocarps periodically develop from
CLASSIFICATION
secondary mycelium.
Life Cycle of Basidiomycota
5. Basidia form along gills of basidiocarps. In

each basidium karyogamy occurs, producing a
zygote nucleus.
6. Meiosis occurs, producing four haploid
nuclei that become basidiospores.
7. Basidiospores formed.
CLASSIFICATION

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TOPIC CONTENT MONERA PROTISTA FUNGI REFERENCES

They reproduce asexually by highly binary

•The cell wall is rigid and made up of peptidoglycan.

CLASSIFICATION • Psychrophiles - microorganisms that survive in extremely cold

• Halophiles - microorganisms that thrive in extreme environments of high-

Thermus aquaticus Chryseobacterium greenlandensis

•Capsule- a slimy capsule that is present

•Plasmid- In addition to the normal DNA

b. Cilia - hair-like organelles that waves for propulsion

Trychomonas vaginlis b. PARABASALIDS

c. EUGLENOIDS AND TRYPANOSOMES

c. EUGLENOIDS AND TRYPANOSOMES

- Largest and most complex algae; commonly called as

b. PLASMODIAL SLIME MOLDS

- The feeding stage is a plasmodium

c. CELLULAR SLIME MOLDS

Kingdom Fungi (True Fungi)

The Fascinating World

- Dense fungal network

- Uses chemical signals to employ leaf cutter ants.

FUNGUS BODY PLAN

• Fruiting bodies- contain spores which are

• Coenocytic hypha- a hypha that lacks septa

Mycologists classified fungi into five phyla: Chytridiomycota,

Life Cycle of Allomyces arbuscula

1. Haploid zoospore grows into

Life Cycle of Allomyces arbuscula

5a. Zoosporangia produce flagellate

PHYLUM ZYCOMYCOTA: The Conjugated Fungi

Life Cycle of Rhizopus stolonifer

Life Cycle of Rhizopus stolonifer

• Mycorrhizae- symbiotic relationship between the hyphae of certain fungi and

PHYLUM ASCOMYCOTA: THE SAC FUNGI

Life Cycle of Ascomycetes

Life Cycle of Ascomycetes

PHYLUM BASIDIOMYCOTA: The Club Fungi

Life Cycle of Basidiomycota

Life Cycle of Basidiomycota

5. Basidia form along gills of basidiocarps. In

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